October 25-31, 2014 - Meteor Activity Outlook
During this period the moon reaches its first quarter phase on Thursday October 30th. At this time the moon is located 90 degrees east of the sun and sets near 2300 local daylight time as seen from mid-northern latitudes. The estimated total hourly meteor rates for evening observers this week is near 3 as seen from the northern hemisphere and 2 as seen from southern tropical latitudes. For morning observers the estimated total hourly rates should be near 22 for observers located in mid-northern latitudes and 17 for south tropical observers. Rates are reduced for the evening hours during this period due to moonlight. The actual rates will also depend on factors such as personal light and motion perception, local weather conditions, alertness and experience in watching meteor activity. Note that the hourly rates listed below are estimates as viewed from dark sky sites away from urban light sources. Observers viewing from urban areas will see less activity as only the brightest meteors will be visible from such locations.
The radiant (the area of the sky where meteors appear to shoot from) positions and rates listed below are exact for Saturday night/Sunday morning October 25/26. These positions do not change greatly day to day so the listed coordinates may be used during this entire period. Most star atlases (available at science stores and planetariums) will provide maps with grid lines of the celestial coordinates so that you may find out exactly where these positions are located in the sky. A planisphere or computer planetarium program is also useful in showing the sky at any time of night on any date of the year. Activity from each radiant is best seen when it is positioned highest in the sky, either due north or south along the meridian, depending on your latitude. It must be remembered that meteor activity is rarely seen at the radiant position. Rather they shoot outwards from the radiant so it is best to center your field of view so that the radiant lies at the edge and not the center. Viewing there will allow you to easily trace the path of each meteor back to the radiant (if it is a shower member) or in another direction if it is a sporadic. Meteor activity is not seen from radiants that are located below the horizon. The positions below are listed in a west to east manner in order of right ascension (celestial longitude). The positions listed first are located further west therefore are accessible earlier in the night while those listed further down the list rise later in the night.
These sources of meteoric activity are expected to be active this week:
The first activity from the Andromedids (AND) will be seen this week. This is a famous shower that produced some brilliant displays during the 19th century. Since then the main orbit of the particles from comet 3D/Biela have moved away from the Earth. Still, remnants may be seen from October 26 through November 20 with maximum activity occurring on November 8. The radiant is currently located at 01:20 (020) +22, which lies in eastern Pisces, 10 degrees west of the 2nd magnitude star Hamal (Alpha Arietis). Rates would most likely be less than 1 per hour no matter your location. With an entry velocity of 19 km/sec., the average Andromedid meteor would be of slow velocity.
The Southern Taurids (STA) are currently active from a radiant located at 03:04 (046) +12. This position lies in southeastern Aries, 8 degrees north of the 3rd magnitude star known Menkar (Alpha Ceti). These meteors may be seen all night long but the radiant is best placed near 0100 LDT when it lies on the meridian and is located highest in the sky. Rates at this time should be near 3 per hour regardless of your location. With an entry velocity of 29 km/sec., the average Southern Taurid meteor would be of slow velocity.
The Northern Taurids (NTA) are now active from a large radiant centered at 03:08 (047) +20, which lies in eastern Aries, close to the position occupied by the fourth magnitude star known as Delta Arietis. The radiant is best placed near 0200 LDT, when it lies highest above the horizon. Meteors from the Northern Taurids strike the atmosphere at 29km/sec., which would produce meteors of slow velocity. Expected rates would be near two per hour, no matter your location.
The Orionids (ORI) are active from a radiant at 06:36 (099) +16, which places it in southwestern Gemini, close to the spot occupied by the 2nd magnitude star known as Alhena (Gamma Geminorum). This area of the sky is best placed in the sky near 0500 LDT, when it lies highest above the horizon. The maximum for the Orionids was weak so rates this week should only be near 3 per hour no matter your location. With an entry velocity of 67 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of swift speed.
The Epsilon Geminids (EGE) are still active from a radiant is located at 07:08 (107) +27. This area of the sky lies in central Gemini, directly between the 1st magnitude star Pollux (Beta Geminorum) and 3rd magnitude Mebsuta (Epsilon Geminorum). The radiant is best placed in the sky during the last hour before dawn, when it lies highest above the horizon in a dark sky. Current rates should be near 2 per hour as seen from the northern hemisphere and near 1 when view south of the equator. With an entry velocity of 70 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of swift speed.
The last of the Leonis Minorids (LMI) will be seen this week. The radiant is currently located at 10:56 (164) +36. This position lies in northeastern Leo Minor near the faint star known as 46 Leonis Minoris. This position is also close to the mid-way point between the brighter stars Nu and Upsilon Ursae Majoris. This area of the sky is best placed in the sky during the last hour before dawn, when it lies highest above the horizon in a dark sky. Current rates should be near 1 per hour as seen from the northern hemisphere and less than 1 as seen from south of the equator. With an entry velocity of 68 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of swift speed.
The Lambda Ursae Majorids (LUM) are a recent discovery by Zeljko Andreic. This weak shower is active from October 24 through November 1st with maximum activity occurring on the 27th. The radiant currently located at 10:20 (155) +50. This position lies in a sparse area of central Ursa Major, between the 2nd magnitude star Merak (Beta Ursae Majoris) and 3rd magnitude Tania Borealis (Lambda Ursa Majoris). This area of the sky is best placed in the sky during the last hour before dawn, when it lies highest above the horizon in a dark sky. Current rates should be near 1 per hour as seen from the northern hemisphere and less than 1 as seen from south of the equator. With an entry velocity of 62 km/sec., most activity from this radiant would be of swift speed.
As seen from the mid-northern hemisphere (45N) one would expect to see approximately 10 sporadic meteors per hour during the last hour before dawn as seen from rural observing sites. Evening rates would be near 2 per hour. As seen from the tropical southern latitudes (25S), morning rates would be near 7 per hour as seen from rural observing sites and 1 per hour during the evening hours. Locations between these two extremes would see activity between the listed figures. Moonlight reduces the number of meteors seen during the evening hours during this period.
Shower ........... Date of Max. activity Celestial position - Culmination - hr rate Class
Andromedids (AND) Nov 08 01:20 (020) +22 19 ................ 23:00 ..........<1 – <1 III
Southern Taurids (STA) Oct 10 03:04 (046) +12 29 ............01:00 ...........3 – 3 ..II
Northern Taurids (NTA) Oct 22 03:08 (047) +20 29 ............01:00 ...........2 – 2 ..II
Orionids (ORI) Oct 22 06:36 (099) +16 67 ....................05:00 ...........3 – 3 ...I
Epsilon Geminids (EGE) Oct 22 07:08 (107) +27 70 ............06:00 ...........2 – 1 ..II
Lambda Ursa Majorids (LUM) Oct 27 10:20 (155) +50 62 ........09:00 ...........1 – <1 .IV
Leonis Minorids (LMI) Oct 22 10:56 (164) +36 60 .............10:00 ...........1 – <1 .II
Orionids Active from October 4th to November 14th 2014 - Peak night Oct 21-22
The Orionids are a medium strength shower that sometimes reaches high strength activity. In a normal year the Orionids produce 20-25 shower members at maximum. In exceptional years, such as 2006-2009, the peak rates were on par with the Perseids (50-75 per hour). At this time we are unable to predict exactly when the Orionids will be exception
Radiant: 06:20 +15.5° - ZHR: 25 - Velocity: 41 miles/sec (swift - 67km/sec) - Parent Object: 1P/Halley
Southern Taurids Active from September 7th to November 19th 2014 - Peak night Oct 8-9
The Southern Taurids are a long-lasting shower that reaches a barely noticeable maximum on October 9 or 10. The shower is active for more than two months but rarely produces more than five shower members per hour, even at maximum activity. The Taurids (both branches) are rich in fireballs and are often responsible for increased number of fireball reports from September through November.
Radiant: 02:08 +8.7° - ZHR: 5 - Velocity: 17 miles/sec (slow - 28km/sec) - Parent Object: 2P/Encke
Quadrantids Active from January 1st to 10th 2014 - Peak night Jan 2-3
Lyrids Active from April 16th to 25th 2014 Peak night - Apr 21-22
Eta Aquariids Active from April 19th to May 26th 2014 - Peak night May 5-6
Delta Aquariids Active from July 21st to August 23rd 2014 - Peak night Jul 27-28
Alpha Capricornids Active from July 11th to August 10th 2014 - Peak night Jul 28-29
Perseids Active from July 13th to August 26th 2014 - Peak night Aug 11-12
Northern Taurids Active from October 19th to December 10th 2014 - Peak night Nov 12-13
Leonids Active from November 5th to 30th 2014 - Peak night Nov 17-18
Geminids Active from December 4th to 16th 2014 - Peak night Dec 13-14
Ursids Active from December 17th to 23rd 2014 - Peak night Dec 21-22
Monday, October 27, 2014
Wednesday, October 22, 2014
Major wild FIRES worldwide in October
2017 (as of October 16, these numbers will change as news reports surface) In California State wide At least 42 dead, 5,700 structures lost in Northern California firestorm, among worst in state's history and at the time of this post, the fire is still raging out of control. These California fires have been identified as unprecedented. By far, the worst of these fires has been called the Santa Rosa Fires or the Napa Valley Fires as the fires have spread from the Hills of Napa Valley to the neighborhoods of Santa Rosa. Notice from the pictures below that entire neighborhoods have gone up in smoke! Nothing in its path has been spared. Pictures by LA Times credited to: reporter(s) listed: Laura J Nelson, Sonali Kohli, Paige St.John, Dakota Smith, Nina Agrawal & Marcus Yam. This fire is reported to require the assistance of some 11,000 fire-workers and as of today is still raging with more updates to come.
California Fires location by map as of Friday October 13, 2017
Lobo Nevada 880 October 9, 2017 20% contained At least 30 structures destroyed
McCourtney Nevada 72 October 9, 2017 60% contained
La Porte Butte 3,500 October 9, 2017 10% contained
Cascade Yuba 11,500 October 9, 2017 15% contained 1 fatality
Sulphur Lake 2,500 October 9, 2017 10% contained
Point Calaveras 130 October 9, 2017 50% contained 4 structures destroyed
Canyon 2 Orange 7,500 October 9, 2017 25% contained 24 structures destroyed
37 Sonoma 2,000 October 9, 2017 40% contained
Cherokee Butte 7,500 October 8, 2017 40% contained
Atlas Napa 25,000 October 8, 2017 0% contained 2 fatalities, 125 structures destroyed
Tubbs Napa 27,000 October 8, 2017 0% contained 571 structures destroyed
Nuns Sonoma 5,000 October 8, 2017 0% contained
Partrick Napa 1,000 October 8, 2017 0% contained
Redwood Complex Mendocino 21,000 October 8, 2017 0% contained 1 fatality
Here is a link to the LA Times story: http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-fires-20171013-story.html
Sonoma County California - Update at least 15 dead, 183 people are still listed as missing. In Northern California wine country, officials say at least 2,000 homes and commercial buildings have been destroyed, and 20,000 people have been evacuated. This has been called a raging inferno.
Anaheim, Santa Rosa & Napa Valley California. There are a reported 9 major fires raging in California today. One fire's name is the Atlas Fire. The 2017 California wildfires are a series of wildfires that are burning across the state of California during October 2017. During 2017, a total of 7,484 fires have burned 771,765 acres (3,123.22 km2), according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. In the extreme conditions, shortly after the fires ignited, they rapidly grew to become massive conflagrations spanning from 1,000 to well over 20,000 acres apart within a single day.
For a complete list of fires, I found this in Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildfires
2017 Montana List of fires - Major fires of 2017 that consumed over 1,000 acres (400 ha) include the following (as of September 13 thru October 2017):
Over 100,000 acres (40,000 ha)
Lodgepole Complex Fire, public and private land 52 miles WNW of Jordan, 270,723 acres (109,558 ha)
Rice Ridge Fire, Lolo National Forest, near Seeley Lake, Montana, 160,183 acres (64,824 ha)
Over 50,000 acres (20,000 ha)
Meyers Fire, Beaverhead National Forest/Deerlodge National Forest, 62,034 acres (25,104 ha)
Lolo Peak Fire, Lolo National Forest, 53,902 acres (21,813 ha)
At an interagency and departmental briefing on Montana fires: (from left) U.S. Congressman Greg Gianforte, U.S. Senator Steve Daines, Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue and Secretary of Interior Ryan Zinke.
Over 20,000 acres (8,100 ha)
Sapphire Complex Fire, Lolo National Forest, 43,733 acres (17,698 ha)
Little Hogback Fire, Lolo National Forest, 29,654 acres (12,001 ha)
Alice Creek Fire, Helena National Forest – Lewis and Clark National Forest, 29,252 acres (11,838 ha)
Tongue River Complex Fire, Custer National Forest/Gallatin National Forest, 28,957 acres (11,718 ha)
Liberty Fire, Flathead Indian Reservation, 28,689 acres (11,610 ha)
Sunrise Fire, Lolo National Forest, 26,310 acres (10,650 ha)
Highway 200 Complex Fire, Lolo National Forest/Kootenai National Forest, near Plains and Thompson Falls, Montana 48,417 acres (19,594 ha)
Caribou Fire, near Eureka, Montana, Kootenai National Forest, 24,753 acres (10,017 ha)
East Fork Fire, state land in Bears Paw Mountains, south of Havre, Montana, 21,896 acres (8,861 ha)
Strawberry Fire, near Dupuyer, Montana, Flathead National Forest, 20,894 acres (8,456 ha)
Scalp Fire, Flathead National Forest, 20,810 acres (8,420 ha)
West Fork Fire, Kootenai National Forest, 20,072 acres (8,123 ha)
Over 10,000 acres (4,000 ha)
The historic Sperry Chalet was nearly destroyed by the Sprague FirePark Creek Fire, Helena National Forest/Lewis and Clark National Forest, 18,000 acres (7,300 ha)
Sprague Fire, Glacier National Park, 16,790 acres (6,790 ha)
Moose Peak Fire, Kootenai National Forest, 13,903 acres (5,626 ha)
Gibralter Ridge Fire, Kootenai National Forest, 12,938 acres (5,236 ha)
July Fire, public and private land near Zortman, 11,699 acres (4,734 ha)
Whetstone Ridge Fire, Beaverhead National Forest/Deerlodge National Forest, 11,593 acres (4,692 ha)
Reef Fire, Bob Marshall Wilderness, Flathead National Forest, 10,658 acres (4,313 ha)
Crucifixion Creek Fire, near Heart Butte, Montana, in the Badger-Two Medicine area, Helena National Forest/Lewis and Clark National Forest, 11,008 acres (4,455 ha)
Over 1,000 acres (400 ha)
Goat Creek Fire, Lolo National Forest, 8,323 acres (3,368 ha)
Crying Fire, public and private land 50 miles north of Winnett, 7,295 acres (2,952 ha)
Blacktail Fire, Lewis and Clark National Forest, 5,351 acres (2,165 ha)
Green Ridge Complex Fire, Bitterroot National Forest, 4,769 acres (1,930 ha)
Weasel Fire, Kootenai National Forest, 3,925 acres (1,588 ha)
Monahan Fire, Lolo National Forest, 3,613 acres (1,462 ha)
Blue Ridge Complex Fire, public and private land 39 miles NW of Jordan, 3,034 acres (1,228 ha)
Buffalo Fire, public and private land 31 miles SW of Broadus, 3,020 acres (1,220 ha)
Adair Peak Fire, Glacier National Park, 4,034 acres (1,633 ha)
Conrow Fire, Beaverhead National Forest/Deerlodge National Forest, 2,741 acres (1,109 ha)
Yooper Fire, SW Rural Culbertson/Richland County area, private and public land, 7,816 acres (3,163 ha)
Smoke from some of these fires in Montana could be seen from space:
1918 Cloquet Fire, Minnesota United States October 12, 1918 death toll 453
1871 Peshtigo Fire, Wisconsin United States October 8, 1871 death toll est. 2,000
1825 Miramichi Fire Canada death toll 160
Earthquakes Worldwide in October
1138 Aleppo earthquake Zengid dynasty (now Syria) October 11, 1138 death toll 230,000
1707 Hōei earthquake Japan October 28, 1707 death toll 30,000
1948 Ashgabat earthquake Turkmen SSR, Soviet Union (now Turkmenistan) October 5, 1948 death toll 110,000
1989 - Earthquake rocks San Francisco - The deadliest earthquake to hit the San Francisco area since 1906 strikes at 5:04 p.m. and lasts for 15 seconds. The quake measured 7.1 on the Richter scale, and its aftermath was witnessed on live television by millions of people watching the third game of the World Series of baseball between the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland Athletics, held at Candlestick Park in San Francisco. The tremor hit moments before the start of the game, and sportscasters were soon performing the duties of news anchors as they reported on the resulting pandemonium in the stadium. The earthquake killed a total of 63 people, while more than 3,000 others were injured and more than 100,000 buildings were damaged.
2005 Kashmir earthquake Pakistan (Azad Kashmir) October 8, 2005 death toll 100,000
2017 - October -
Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured
6[277] Japan offshore, 255 km east southeast of Ishinomaki 6.0 10.0 III
8[278] Tonga, 153 km northwest of Pangai 6.1 10.0 IV
8[279] Antarctica, Balleny Islands region 6.3 10.0 I
8[280] United States, Alaska, 60 km east of Buldir Island 6.6 111.8 V
10[281] Chile, 36 km south southwest of Putre 6.3 82.4 V Some landslides blocked roads in Arica region.[282]
10[283] Norway offshore, Bouvet Island region 6.7 10 I
1707 Hōei earthquake Japan October 28, 1707 death toll 30,000
1948 Ashgabat earthquake Turkmen SSR, Soviet Union (now Turkmenistan) October 5, 1948 death toll 110,000
1989 - Earthquake rocks San Francisco - The deadliest earthquake to hit the San Francisco area since 1906 strikes at 5:04 p.m. and lasts for 15 seconds. The quake measured 7.1 on the Richter scale, and its aftermath was witnessed on live television by millions of people watching the third game of the World Series of baseball between the San Francisco Giants and the Oakland Athletics, held at Candlestick Park in San Francisco. The tremor hit moments before the start of the game, and sportscasters were soon performing the duties of news anchors as they reported on the resulting pandemonium in the stadium. The earthquake killed a total of 63 people, while more than 3,000 others were injured and more than 100,000 buildings were damaged.
2005 Kashmir earthquake Pakistan (Azad Kashmir) October 8, 2005 death toll 100,000
2017 - October -
Date Country and location Mw Depth (km) MMI Notes Casualties Dead Injured
6[277] Japan offshore, 255 km east southeast of Ishinomaki 6.0 10.0 III
8[278] Tonga, 153 km northwest of Pangai 6.1 10.0 IV
8[279] Antarctica, Balleny Islands region 6.3 10.0 I
8[280] United States, Alaska, 60 km east of Buldir Island 6.6 111.8 V
10[281] Chile, 36 km south southwest of Putre 6.3 82.4 V Some landslides blocked roads in Arica region.[282]
10[283] Norway offshore, Bouvet Island region 6.7 10 I
Cyclones, Typhoons & Hurricanes Worldwide in October
Where do Hurricanes form in October - https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/video/where-hurricanes-form-in-october
There have been 17 major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale) that have made direct hits on the U.S. mainland in the month of October since 1851.
Florida is the state most likely to see a landfalling hurricane in October.
Since 1950, 15 hurricanes have made a U.S. landfall in October, 8 of which occurred in Florida.
In South Florida, October is the month with the most hurricane direct hits (some of which are listed below)
1737 Calcutta cyclone - October 7, Other reports from merchant ships indicated an earthquake and tidal surge were to blame, destroying 20,000 ships in the harbor and killing 300,000 people. It should be noted that the population of Calcutta at the time was around 3,000-20,000. This apparent incongruity in the data suggests a possible mix-up with the numbers for the 1839 Coringa cyclone mentioned in this article, which also suggest 20,000 sunk ships and 300,000 fatalities. Both of these figures may stem from the 300,000 figure in the 1737 super cyclone in the West Bengal region as neither one has similar numbers according to the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project's site
1847 - Bengal India cyclone of October -
1874 Bengal India cyclone - This severe cyclone killed 80,000 people and caused significant damage
1876 Backergunge or perhaps Backeranj India cyclone - On October 31, the cyclone made landfall on Backerganj now Bangladesh. Similarities, may suggest to be the same cyclone as next listed.
1876 Bangladesh cyclone - killing about 200,000 people, half of whom were drowned by the storm surge, and the remainder died in the resultant famine. The maximum wind was estimated at 220 km/h (119 knots) and the surge height was 3–13.6 m (10–45 ft).
1881 Haiphong Typhoon - Vietnam The 1881 Haiphong Typhoon was a typhoon that struck Haiphong, in what is now Vietnam, on 8 October 1881 and the northern part of the Philippines. Up to 300,000 people were killed by the typhoon, which was one of the deadliest cyclonic storms in history.
1887 Yellow River China flood - Death toll est. 900,000–2,000,000
1942 Bengal India cyclone - On October 16, a cyclone hit near the India/Bangladesh border, resulting in around 40,000 fatalities. A wind gust of 225 km/h (140 mph) was recorded.
1949 - A Northeast Pacific Tropical Storm (September-October) became an Atlantic Hurricane (Storm #10) and made landfall in TX.
1954 - Hurricane Hazel, the fourth major hurricane of 1954, hammers southern Ontario, Canada, on this day in 1954. Hazel hit hard from Jamaica to Canada, killing more than 400 people and causing over $1 billion in damages.
1961 - Atlantic Hurricane Hattie (October-November) became Northeast Pacific Tropical Storm Simone. Hurricane Hattie strikes Belize on this day, killing more than 400 people and leaving thousands homeless. Almost half of Belize City was demolished by the storm. It was a Category 4 hurricane with sustained winds of 140 miles per hour and gusts reaching 180 mph.
1967 Odisha cyclone - On October 12, an intense cyclone struck the state of Odisha and left complete devastation along its path
1971 Arabian ocean cyclone - A tropical cyclone Category 1 moved through the Arabian Sea near the end of October 27-31. Peak intensity 120 km/h (75 mph)
1971 Odisha cyclone - On October 27 a tropical depression formed in the Bay of Bengal. It tracked northward, steadily strengthening until reaching a peak of 115 mph winds. The cyclone struck Cuttack, a city in Odisha, India, on October 29, and dissipated 2 days later. The storm surge and flooding from the system caused 10,800 fatalities packing winds 185 km/h (115 mph)
1973 Bay of Bengal India cyclone - Duration October 6-12, Peak intensity 85 km/h (50 mph)
1976 Mid-October Arabian sea cyclone - Duration October 12-19, Peak intensity 95 km/h (60 mph)
1976 Mid-October Bay of Bengal cyclone - Duration October 14-19 Peak intensity 85 km/h (50 mph)
It is said that 2017 hurricane season is about to break 124-year-old record. Last year, Hurricane Nate made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane in the northern Gulf Coast, first in southeastern Louisiana on Oct. 7 and then near Biloxi, Mississippi, on Oct. 8. Nate produced a storm surge of 6.3 feet at Pascagoula, Mississippi, and a wind gust of 75 mph was recorded at Calvert, Alabama. Nate also produced tornadoes from Alabama to North Carolina. Before the South Carolina landfall, Matthew paralleled the coasts of Florida and Georgia, bringing wind gusts as high as 107 mph to Cape Canaveral, Florida, and a peak storm surge of 9.88 feet above normal at a National Ocean Service tide gauge at Fernandina Beach, Florida.
Although it has been a while since the last October hurricane landfall in Florida, it's the state most likely to see a landfalling hurricane in October, with the southern part of the state at the highest risk. Before last year's pummeling by Category 4 Hurricane Irma, the last hurricane to make landfall in Florida was Hurricane Wilma on Oct. 24, 2005. Many Floridians consider October to be the peak of the hurricane season due to the increased number of hurricane strikes then, even though the peak of the hurricane season for the entire basin occurs in September. From 1851 to 2017, 32 hurricanes made a Florida landfall in October, dwarfing the state with the second-highest number of October landfalls: Louisiana, with 10. There have been 17 major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale) that have made direct hits on the U.S. mainland in the month of October since 1851. Ten of those occurred in Florida. It becomes more difficult for hurricanes to make landfall farther north in October as the upper-level wind pattern changes and the jet stream slides farther south, but Superstorm Sandy in 2012 broke many meteorological rules of thumb.
https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2018-09-27-october-hurricane-tracks-united-states-florida-threat
The map above shows the 15 hurricanes that have made landfall in October since 1950, not including Sandy since it did not make landfall as a hurricane. Eight of those occurred in Florida, and you can see the cluster of lines in South Florida.
2005 - Strongest October hurricane: Wilma, 175 mph, 882 mbar. Wilma became the most intense hurricane in the Atlantic Basin ever recorded.
Why Florida?
Even though the climatological peak of the hurricane season – Sept. 10 – has passed, residents along the Gulf and East coasts need to remain prepared for a hurricane. Roughly one-fifth of all U.S. hurricane landfalls have occurred in October and November. On average, one hurricane forms every year in October, according to the National Hurricane Center. The most hurricanes to form in October was five in 2010.
Why October?
By October, we typically see the formation zones of tropical storms and hurricanes shift westward toward the western Caribbean Sea, eastern Gulf of Mexico and far western Atlantic Ocean as the "Cabo Verde" portion of the hurricane season, featuring development of African easterly waves in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, fades. In South Florida, October is the month with the most hurricane direct hits. According to NOAA's Best Track Database, 23 October hurricanes have passed within 100 nautical miles of downtown Miami since 1851. With roughly one-third of an average Atlantic hurricane season left, a number of tropical storms or hurricanes may still form before season's end. Stay aware of what's brewing in the tropics on weather.com, and make sure your hurricane plan is ready in case a fall hurricane threatens.
2012 October 28, - Super typhoon "Frankenstorm" Sandy, biggest storm in history hits New York. It is called by some to be a once in a life time storm. Deemed to be the worst storm in decades to strike the densely populated US East Coast, floods New York's subway, leaves millions without power, kills at least 182 people and causes US$65 billion in damages.
2016 - Hurricane Matthew made one official U.S. landfall Oct. 8 southeast of McClellanville, South Carolina, as a Category 1 hurricane with 75-mph winds.
2017 October - so far in the first 8 days of October -
October 3-5 - TS Ramone - Southern Mexico
Hurricane Harvey Category 5
Hurricane Irma category 5
Hurricane Jose category 1
Hurricane Lee category 3
Hurricane Maria category 5
Hurricane Nate category 1
Hurricane Ophelia category TS
2018 - On October 10, Hurricane Michael was the third-most intense Atlantic hurricane to make landfall in the United States in terms of pressure, behind the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Hurricane Camille of 1969. It was also the strongest in terms of maximum sustained wind speed to strike the contiguous United States since Andrew in 1992. In addition, it was the strongest on record in the Florida Panhandle, and was the fourth-strongest landfalling hurricane in the contiguous United States, in terms of wind speed. The thirteenth named storm, seventh hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season, Michael originated from a broad low-pressure area that formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 2. The disturbance became a tropical depression on October 7, after nearly a week of slow development. By the next day, Michael had intensified into a hurricane near the western tip of Cuba as it moved northward. The hurricane strengthened rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico, reaching major hurricane status on October 9, peaking at a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Approaching the Florida Panhandle, Michael attained peak winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) as it made landfall near Mexico Beach, Florida, on October 10, becoming the first to do so in the region as a Category 4 hurricane, and making landfall as the strongest storm of the season. As it moved inland, the storm weakened and began to take a northeastward trajectory toward Chesapeake Bay, weakening to a tropical storm over Georgia, and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone off the coast of the Mid-Atlantic states on October 12. Michael subsequently strengthened into a powerful extratropical cyclone and eventually impacted the Iberian Peninsula, before dissipating on October 16.
By October 18, at least 48 deaths had been attributed to the storm, including 33 in the United States and 15 in Central America. Insurance losses due to Michael in the United States were ranged from $8–11 billion (2018 USD).[1] As a tropical depression, the storm caused extensive flooding in Central America in concert with a second disturbance over the eastern Pacific Ocean. In Cuba, the hurricane's winds left over 200,000 people without power as the storm passed to the island's west. Along the Florida panhandle, the cities of Mexico Beach and Panama City suffered the worst of Michael, with catastrophic damage reported due to the extreme winds and storm surge. Numerous homes were flattened and trees felled over a wide swath of the panhandle. A maximum wind gust of 129 mph (208 km/h) was measured at Tyndall Air Force Base near the point of landfall. As Michael tracked across the Southeastern United States, strong winds caused extensive power outages across the region.
There have been 17 major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale) that have made direct hits on the U.S. mainland in the month of October since 1851.
Florida is the state most likely to see a landfalling hurricane in October.
Since 1950, 15 hurricanes have made a U.S. landfall in October, 8 of which occurred in Florida.
In South Florida, October is the month with the most hurricane direct hits (some of which are listed below)
1737 Calcutta cyclone - October 7, Other reports from merchant ships indicated an earthquake and tidal surge were to blame, destroying 20,000 ships in the harbor and killing 300,000 people. It should be noted that the population of Calcutta at the time was around 3,000-20,000. This apparent incongruity in the data suggests a possible mix-up with the numbers for the 1839 Coringa cyclone mentioned in this article, which also suggest 20,000 sunk ships and 300,000 fatalities. Both of these figures may stem from the 300,000 figure in the 1737 super cyclone in the West Bengal region as neither one has similar numbers according to the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project's site
1847 - Bengal India cyclone of October -
1874 Bengal India cyclone - This severe cyclone killed 80,000 people and caused significant damage
1876 Backergunge or perhaps Backeranj India cyclone - On October 31, the cyclone made landfall on Backerganj now Bangladesh. Similarities, may suggest to be the same cyclone as next listed.
1876 Bangladesh cyclone - killing about 200,000 people, half of whom were drowned by the storm surge, and the remainder died in the resultant famine. The maximum wind was estimated at 220 km/h (119 knots) and the surge height was 3–13.6 m (10–45 ft).
1881 Haiphong Typhoon - Vietnam The 1881 Haiphong Typhoon was a typhoon that struck Haiphong, in what is now Vietnam, on 8 October 1881 and the northern part of the Philippines. Up to 300,000 people were killed by the typhoon, which was one of the deadliest cyclonic storms in history.
1887 Yellow River China flood - Death toll est. 900,000–2,000,000
1942 Bengal India cyclone - On October 16, a cyclone hit near the India/Bangladesh border, resulting in around 40,000 fatalities. A wind gust of 225 km/h (140 mph) was recorded.
1949 - A Northeast Pacific Tropical Storm (September-October) became an Atlantic Hurricane (Storm #10) and made landfall in TX.
1954 - Hurricane Hazel, the fourth major hurricane of 1954, hammers southern Ontario, Canada, on this day in 1954. Hazel hit hard from Jamaica to Canada, killing more than 400 people and causing over $1 billion in damages.
1961 - Atlantic Hurricane Hattie (October-November) became Northeast Pacific Tropical Storm Simone. Hurricane Hattie strikes Belize on this day, killing more than 400 people and leaving thousands homeless. Almost half of Belize City was demolished by the storm. It was a Category 4 hurricane with sustained winds of 140 miles per hour and gusts reaching 180 mph.
1967 Odisha cyclone - On October 12, an intense cyclone struck the state of Odisha and left complete devastation along its path
1971 Arabian ocean cyclone - A tropical cyclone Category 1 moved through the Arabian Sea near the end of October 27-31. Peak intensity 120 km/h (75 mph)
1971 Odisha cyclone - On October 27 a tropical depression formed in the Bay of Bengal. It tracked northward, steadily strengthening until reaching a peak of 115 mph winds. The cyclone struck Cuttack, a city in Odisha, India, on October 29, and dissipated 2 days later. The storm surge and flooding from the system caused 10,800 fatalities packing winds 185 km/h (115 mph)
1973 Bay of Bengal India cyclone - Duration October 6-12, Peak intensity 85 km/h (50 mph)
1976 Mid-October Arabian sea cyclone - Duration October 12-19, Peak intensity 95 km/h (60 mph)
1976 Mid-October Bay of Bengal cyclone - Duration October 14-19 Peak intensity 85 km/h (50 mph)
It is said that 2017 hurricane season is about to break 124-year-old record. Last year, Hurricane Nate made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane in the northern Gulf Coast, first in southeastern Louisiana on Oct. 7 and then near Biloxi, Mississippi, on Oct. 8. Nate produced a storm surge of 6.3 feet at Pascagoula, Mississippi, and a wind gust of 75 mph was recorded at Calvert, Alabama. Nate also produced tornadoes from Alabama to North Carolina. Before the South Carolina landfall, Matthew paralleled the coasts of Florida and Georgia, bringing wind gusts as high as 107 mph to Cape Canaveral, Florida, and a peak storm surge of 9.88 feet above normal at a National Ocean Service tide gauge at Fernandina Beach, Florida.
Although it has been a while since the last October hurricane landfall in Florida, it's the state most likely to see a landfalling hurricane in October, with the southern part of the state at the highest risk. Before last year's pummeling by Category 4 Hurricane Irma, the last hurricane to make landfall in Florida was Hurricane Wilma on Oct. 24, 2005. Many Floridians consider October to be the peak of the hurricane season due to the increased number of hurricane strikes then, even though the peak of the hurricane season for the entire basin occurs in September. From 1851 to 2017, 32 hurricanes made a Florida landfall in October, dwarfing the state with the second-highest number of October landfalls: Louisiana, with 10. There have been 17 major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale) that have made direct hits on the U.S. mainland in the month of October since 1851. Ten of those occurred in Florida. It becomes more difficult for hurricanes to make landfall farther north in October as the upper-level wind pattern changes and the jet stream slides farther south, but Superstorm Sandy in 2012 broke many meteorological rules of thumb.
https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2018-09-27-october-hurricane-tracks-united-states-florida-threat
The map above shows the 15 hurricanes that have made landfall in October since 1950, not including Sandy since it did not make landfall as a hurricane. Eight of those occurred in Florida, and you can see the cluster of lines in South Florida.
2005 - Strongest October hurricane: Wilma, 175 mph, 882 mbar. Wilma became the most intense hurricane in the Atlantic Basin ever recorded.
Why Florida?
Even though the climatological peak of the hurricane season – Sept. 10 – has passed, residents along the Gulf and East coasts need to remain prepared for a hurricane. Roughly one-fifth of all U.S. hurricane landfalls have occurred in October and November. On average, one hurricane forms every year in October, according to the National Hurricane Center. The most hurricanes to form in October was five in 2010.
Why October?
By October, we typically see the formation zones of tropical storms and hurricanes shift westward toward the western Caribbean Sea, eastern Gulf of Mexico and far western Atlantic Ocean as the "Cabo Verde" portion of the hurricane season, featuring development of African easterly waves in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, fades. In South Florida, October is the month with the most hurricane direct hits. According to NOAA's Best Track Database, 23 October hurricanes have passed within 100 nautical miles of downtown Miami since 1851. With roughly one-third of an average Atlantic hurricane season left, a number of tropical storms or hurricanes may still form before season's end. Stay aware of what's brewing in the tropics on weather.com, and make sure your hurricane plan is ready in case a fall hurricane threatens.
2012 October 28, - Super typhoon "Frankenstorm" Sandy, biggest storm in history hits New York. It is called by some to be a once in a life time storm. Deemed to be the worst storm in decades to strike the densely populated US East Coast, floods New York's subway, leaves millions without power, kills at least 182 people and causes US$65 billion in damages.
2016 - Hurricane Matthew made one official U.S. landfall Oct. 8 southeast of McClellanville, South Carolina, as a Category 1 hurricane with 75-mph winds.
2017 October - so far in the first 8 days of October -
October 3-5 - TS Ramone - Southern Mexico
Hurricane Harvey Category 5
Hurricane Irma category 5
Hurricane Jose category 1
Hurricane Lee category 3
Hurricane Maria category 5
Hurricane Nate category 1
Hurricane Ophelia category TS
2018 - On October 10, Hurricane Michael was the third-most intense Atlantic hurricane to make landfall in the United States in terms of pressure, behind the 1935 Labor Day hurricane and Hurricane Camille of 1969. It was also the strongest in terms of maximum sustained wind speed to strike the contiguous United States since Andrew in 1992. In addition, it was the strongest on record in the Florida Panhandle, and was the fourth-strongest landfalling hurricane in the contiguous United States, in terms of wind speed. The thirteenth named storm, seventh hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 2018 Atlantic hurricane season, Michael originated from a broad low-pressure area that formed in the southwestern Caribbean Sea on October 2. The disturbance became a tropical depression on October 7, after nearly a week of slow development. By the next day, Michael had intensified into a hurricane near the western tip of Cuba as it moved northward. The hurricane strengthened rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico, reaching major hurricane status on October 9, peaking at a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale. Approaching the Florida Panhandle, Michael attained peak winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) as it made landfall near Mexico Beach, Florida, on October 10, becoming the first to do so in the region as a Category 4 hurricane, and making landfall as the strongest storm of the season. As it moved inland, the storm weakened and began to take a northeastward trajectory toward Chesapeake Bay, weakening to a tropical storm over Georgia, and transitioning into an extratropical cyclone off the coast of the Mid-Atlantic states on October 12. Michael subsequently strengthened into a powerful extratropical cyclone and eventually impacted the Iberian Peninsula, before dissipating on October 16.
By October 18, at least 48 deaths had been attributed to the storm, including 33 in the United States and 15 in Central America. Insurance losses due to Michael in the United States were ranged from $8–11 billion (2018 USD).[1] As a tropical depression, the storm caused extensive flooding in Central America in concert with a second disturbance over the eastern Pacific Ocean. In Cuba, the hurricane's winds left over 200,000 people without power as the storm passed to the island's west. Along the Florida panhandle, the cities of Mexico Beach and Panama City suffered the worst of Michael, with catastrophic damage reported due to the extreme winds and storm surge. Numerous homes were flattened and trees felled over a wide swath of the panhandle. A maximum wind gust of 129 mph (208 km/h) was measured at Tyndall Air Force Base near the point of landfall. As Michael tracked across the Southeastern United States, strong winds caused extensive power outages across the region.
Saturday, August 30, 2014
General Discussion on the Month of October in History
A lot of the information contained herein will be things that happened during the month of October in history. The reason why I started this research is to find out if anything in particular will lead me to believe whether or not October might be significant in relation to Biblical events in history both in the past and for the future.
So, these are some events that occurred in: October (Tishri 30 days in September-October or Cheshvan 29-30 days in October-November), but for now, I don't know the exact date or the date of the event(s) may be controversial. So I am storing that data here until I have time to find the exact date in October. Here are some major events and their approximate dates:
Events Occurring in Ethanim (the month of gifts, i.e., of vintage offerings; called Tisri after the Exile; It was the first month of the civil year, and the seventh of the sacred year 1 Kings 8:2 The word is of Phoenician origin and signifies "perennial," referring to living streams. It corresponds to ending of September-beginning of October). Since the Bible, from its first book onward, presents chronological data, and since the first mention of years of life is in connection with the life of Adam, it would seem that the ancient use of the month called Ethanim as the initial month of the year would give some basis for believing that Adam’s start of life was in this month. (Genesis 5:1-5) It was on the first day of the first month (later called Ethanim) that Noah, after having already spent over ten months within the ark, removed the ark’s covering and observed that the floodwaters had drained off the ground. (Genesis 8:13) Over 1,300 years later Solomon inaugurated the completed temple at Jerusalem in Ethanim. (1Kings 8:2; 2Chronicles 5:3) After Jerusalem’s destruction in 607B.C.E., the killing of Governor Gedaliah and the subsequent flight to Egypt of the remaining Israelites in the month of Ethanim marked the full desolation of Judah. (2Kings 25:25, 26; Jeremiah 41:1, 2) These events were involved in the reasons for “the fast of the seventh month” mentioned at Zechariah 8:19. Seventy years later, by this very same month, the released Israelite exiles had returned from Babylon to begin the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem.— Ezra 3:1,6.
The evidence also indicates that Jesus’ birth, as well as his baptism and anointing, took place during this month. —
Jesus Birth - Currently I do not know exactly when Jesus was born, (but it was apparently in the month of Ethanim) but I know when he was not born. He was not born anytime close to December 25. According to my research, he was born in or around fall, most likely during the month of October since the bible shares when he died or was sacrificed. He was 33 1/2 years old and died in Late March or Early April, or Nisan 14 in the year 33CE, which when backing off 6 months lands around late September or Early October. Some facts to aid in pin pointing the date of Jesus birth are:
1. Luke 2:8-12 says, 8 "There were also in the same region shepherds living out of doors and keeping watch in the night over their flocks. 9 Suddenly Jehovah’s angel stood before them, and Jehovah’s glory gleamed around them, and they became very fearful. 10 But the angel said to them: “Do not be afraid, for look! I am declaring to you good news of a great joy that all the people will have. 11 For today there was born to you in David’s city a savior, who is Christ the Lord. 12 And this is a sign for you: You will find an infant wrapped in strips of cloth and lying in a manger.”"
2. He was born in a manger and was outdoors. Outside during the months of December were cold and grounds covered in snow.
3. When Jesus “was about thirty years old,” he left home and commenced his ministry. (Luke 3:23)
4. He was also baptized around the time of his birth or in the fall (September-October).
5. Jesus was born approximately 6 months after the birth of his relative John the Baptizer, during the rule of Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus and the Syrian governorship of Quirinius and toward the close of the reign of Herod the Great over Judea.
Ref: Matthew 2:1,13,20-22; Luke 1:24-31,36 2:1,2,7.
6. A number of events intervened between the time of Jesus' birth and Herod's death. These included
• Jesus' circumcision on the 8th day following his birth (Luke 2:21)
• His being brought to the temple in Jerusalem 40 days after his birth (Luke 2:22-23, Leviticus 12:1-4,8)
• The journey of the astrologers from eastern parts to Bethlehem where Jesus was no longer in a manger but in a house (Matthew 2:1-11, Luke 2:7,15-16)
• Joseph & Mary’s flight to Egypt with the young child (Matthew 2:13-15)
• Followed by Herod’s realization that the astrologers had not followed his instructions, and the subsequent slaughter of all boys in Bethlehem and its districts under the age of two years (further indicating that Jesus was not a newborn infant by this time).
Jubilee - It was on the tenth day of the seventh month (in the month of Tishri), on the Day of Atonement, that the horn (shoh·phar′, or sho·phar′, a curved, animal horn) was sounded, proclaiming liberty throughout the land. ... Starting the count of years with the entry of the Israelites into the Promised Land, their first Jubilee year began in Tishri of 1424 B.C.E.
Temple Alter set up - In the seventh month (Ethanim, or Tishri) of the year 537 B.C.E., the altar was set up; and in the following year, the foundation of the new temple was laid. As Solomon had done, the builders hired Sidonians and Tyrians to bring cedar timbers from Lebanon. (Ezr 3:7)
When did the prophetic “seventy weeks” actually begin?
As to the beginning of the 70 weeks, Nehemiah was granted permission by King Artaxerxes of Persia, in the 20th year of his rule, in the month of Nisan, to rebuild the wall and the city of Jerusalem. (Ne 2:1, 5, 7, 8) In his calculations as to the reign of Artaxerxes, Nehemiah apparently used a calendar year that began with the month Tishri (September-October), as does the Jews’ present civil calendar, and ended with the month Elul (August-September) as the 12th month. Whether this was his own reckoning or the manner of reckoning employed for certain purposes in Persia is not known.
Nehemiah speaks regarding Tishri - Some may object to the above statement and may point to Nehemiah 7:73, where Nehemiah speaks of Israel as being gathered in their cities in the seventh month—the monthly order here being based on a Nisan-to-Nisan year. But Nehemiah was here copying from “the book of genealogical enrollment of those who came up at the first” with Zerubbabel, in 537 B.C.E. (Ne 7:5) Again, Nehemiah describes the celebration of the Festival of Booths in his time as taking place in the seventh month. (Ne 8:9, 13-18) This was only fitting because the account says that they found what Jehovah commanded “written in the law,” and in that law, at Leviticus 23:39-43, it says that the Festival of Booths was to be in “the seventh month” (that is, of the sacred calendar, running from Nisan to Nisan).
Festival of Booths - Ethanim (Tishri; September-October) was originally the first month of the Jewish calendar, but after the Exodus from Egypt it became the seventh month of the sacred year, since Abib (Nisan; March-April), formerly the seventh month, was made the first month. ... This ceremony began at the close of the 15th of Tishri, the first day of the festival, actually in the beginning of the 16th, the festival’s second day, and was carried on for the five succeeding nights. During the Festival of Booths, in the seventh month, Ethanim or Tishri, branches of trees, including palm, olive, myrtle, and poplar, were used in constructing booths in which the people resided for the duration of the festival. Le 23:40; Ne 8:15.
FESTIVAL OF TRUMPET BLAST This festival occurred on the first day (or the new moon) of the seventh month, Ethanim (Tishri). It was the beginning of the secular year for the Jews. It stood apart from the Festival of the New Moon in the other 11 months as being more important. The command states additionally concerning the Festival of Trumpet Blast that it should be set aside as a day of holy convention, on which no sort of laborious work was to be done. Le 23:24; Nu 29:1-6. This festival, of course, would be an important one, not only because the month it initiated saw the beginning of a new agricultural and labor year but also because the Day of Atonement fell on the 10th day of this month and the Festival of Booths began on the 15th. Truly this festival marked the start of a month for thankfulness to Jehovah.
Start of Agricultural Year. Whereas Abib (or Nisan) became the first month of the year in the sacred Jewish calendar following the Exodus from Egypt, Ethanim continued to be viewed as the first month in a secular or agricultural sense. With this month, almost all the harvesting had been completed, marking the conclusion of the agricultural year. The early rains that thereafter fell softened the ground for the plowing that would follow and that would denote the initiation of new agricultural operations. Jehovah referred to Ethanim as the turning point of the year when speaking of the festival of ingathering as being “at the outgoing of the year” and “at the turn of the year.” (Ex 23:16; 34:22) It is also notable that it was not in the month of Abib but in this month of Ethanim that the Jubilee year began.—Le 25:8-12.
The later name applied to the month, Tishri, means “Beginning of the Year,” and Tishri 1 is still observed by the Jews as their New Year’s Day or Rosh Hashanah (“Head of the Year”).
2Kings25:24-30- King Je·hoi′a·chin gets released from prison. 24 Ged·a·li′ah swore an oath to them and their men and said to them: “Do not be afraid of being servants to the Chal·de′ans. Live in the land and serve the king of Babylon, and it will go well with you.” 25 And in the seventh month, Ish′ma·el son of Neth·a·ni′ah son of E·lish′a·ma, who was of the royal line, came with ten other men, and they struck down Ged·a·li′ah and he died, along with the Jews and the Chal·de′ans who were with him in Miz′pah. 26 After that all the people, from small to great, including the army chiefs, rose up and went to Egypt, for they were afraid of the Chal·de′ans. 27 And in the 37th year of the exile of King Je·hoi′a·chin+ of Judah, in the 12th month, on the 27th day of the month, King E′vil-mer′o·dach of Babylon, in the year he became king, released King Je·hoi′a·chin of Judah from prison. 28 He spoke kindly with him and put his throne higher than the thrones of the other kings who were with him in Babylon. 29 So Je·hoi′a·chin took off his prison garments, and he regularly ate before him all the days of his life. 30 A regular allowance of food was given him from the king, day after day, all the days of his life.
The first day of Nisan, or Abib, marked the start of the sacred year, and the first day of Tishri, or Ethanim, marked the beginning of the secular year.
Zerubbabel - Ezr 5:14, 15) At Jerusalem, the temple altar was erected in the seventh month (Ethanim, or Tishri, September-October), under the direction of Zerubbabel and High Priest Jeshua (Ezr 3:1, 2),
Moon - The seventh new moon of each year (corresponding to the first day of the month of Ethanim, or Tishri) was sabbatical, and the Law covenant decreed it to be a time of complete rest.
On December 22, 1989, the UN General Assembly designated the second Wednesday of October as the International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction. This event was to be observed annually during the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, 1990-1999. On December 20, 2001, the assembly decided to maintain the observance to promote a global culture of natural disaster reduction, including disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness. So, on October 1990 The International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction began. It is slated to be recognized on the 2nd Wednesday of each month of October. It is a United Nations observance. The date so far has been between October 8-14 each year. The United Nations’ (UN) International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction is annually observed on the second Wednesday of October to raise the profile of disaster risk reduction. It also encourages people and governments to participate in building more resilient communities and nations.
Sabbath Year - The Sabbath year evidently began with the trumpet blast on Ethanim (Tishri) 10, the Day of Atonement. ... However, some hold that, while the Jubilee year started with the Day of Atonement, the Sabbath year started with Tishri 1, so I believe that this may have happened in September and not in October.
The Flood of Noah's day
Genesis 7:11 "In the 600th year of Noah’s life, in the second month, on the 17th day of the month, on that day all the springs of the vast watery deep burst open and the floodgates of the heavens were opened. 12 And the rain poured down on the earth for 40 days and 40 nights. 13 On that very day, Noah went into the ark along with his sons, Shem, Ham, and Ja′pheth, and his wife and the three wives of his sons. I believe that the 2nd month is Iyar(in Hebrew) or April-May which month had 29 days. So the Flood began on 17 Iyar 2370 BCE or 1656 years after Adam arrived on earth. I'm checking to see if anything with regards to the flood that happened in October.
World War 1 - World War I (WWI or WW1 or World War One), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war centered in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. I'm checking to see what if anything happened with WW1 during the month of October.
The fall of Jerusalem - We know that the fall of Jerusalem was in 607 B.C.E. but I don't know what day and month the siege took place. In the July 2014 Watchtower magazine P 30 pp9-11 says that "In line with that prophecy, a world shaking event happened one night early in October 539B.C.E. While Babylon's king and his nobles were drinking wine from holy vessels captured from Jerusalem's temple and were praising their man-made gods, the armies of Media and Persia conquered Babylon.
My question is why now is JW.Org mentioning the month of October so often in their research instead of just stating the year?
Moses crossed over into the promised land 1943B.C.E. I wonder what month they crossed over into that promised land?
Israelites were in captivity for 430 years I wonder what month they were released from captivity. They were released in 1513 B.C.E.
Annual meeting of Jehovah's Witnesses - takes place on first Saturday of October each year. In 2012, 2018 the date was October 6.
October 2012 A self-guided tour outlining the history of Jehovah’s Witnesses opened at our world headquarters in Brooklyn, New York. The exhibit highlights the struggles, dangers, and triumphs experienced by some who have sought to practice Christianity. Why was all this work done? When asked what benefit Jehovah’s Witnesses would gain from taking the tour, one member of the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses repeated the well-known saying: “To know where we are going, we have to know where we have to know from where we came.”
Chart of Great Tribulation and what happens afterwards
The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began in late October 1929 and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout. The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries
Remember this site on October is still under construction and will be updated as time permits.
So, these are some events that occurred in: October (Tishri 30 days in September-October or Cheshvan 29-30 days in October-November), but for now, I don't know the exact date or the date of the event(s) may be controversial. So I am storing that data here until I have time to find the exact date in October. Here are some major events and their approximate dates:
Events Occurring in Ethanim (the month of gifts, i.e., of vintage offerings; called Tisri after the Exile; It was the first month of the civil year, and the seventh of the sacred year 1 Kings 8:2 The word is of Phoenician origin and signifies "perennial," referring to living streams. It corresponds to ending of September-beginning of October). Since the Bible, from its first book onward, presents chronological data, and since the first mention of years of life is in connection with the life of Adam, it would seem that the ancient use of the month called Ethanim as the initial month of the year would give some basis for believing that Adam’s start of life was in this month. (Genesis 5:1-5) It was on the first day of the first month (later called Ethanim) that Noah, after having already spent over ten months within the ark, removed the ark’s covering and observed that the floodwaters had drained off the ground. (Genesis 8:13) Over 1,300 years later Solomon inaugurated the completed temple at Jerusalem in Ethanim. (1Kings 8:2; 2Chronicles 5:3) After Jerusalem’s destruction in 607B.C.E., the killing of Governor Gedaliah and the subsequent flight to Egypt of the remaining Israelites in the month of Ethanim marked the full desolation of Judah. (2Kings 25:25, 26; Jeremiah 41:1, 2) These events were involved in the reasons for “the fast of the seventh month” mentioned at Zechariah 8:19. Seventy years later, by this very same month, the released Israelite exiles had returned from Babylon to begin the rebuilding of the temple in Jerusalem.— Ezra 3:1,6.
The evidence also indicates that Jesus’ birth, as well as his baptism and anointing, took place during this month. —
Jesus Birth - Currently I do not know exactly when Jesus was born, (but it was apparently in the month of Ethanim) but I know when he was not born. He was not born anytime close to December 25. According to my research, he was born in or around fall, most likely during the month of October since the bible shares when he died or was sacrificed. He was 33 1/2 years old and died in Late March or Early April, or Nisan 14 in the year 33CE, which when backing off 6 months lands around late September or Early October. Some facts to aid in pin pointing the date of Jesus birth are:
1. Luke 2:8-12 says, 8 "There were also in the same region shepherds living out of doors and keeping watch in the night over their flocks. 9 Suddenly Jehovah’s angel stood before them, and Jehovah’s glory gleamed around them, and they became very fearful. 10 But the angel said to them: “Do not be afraid, for look! I am declaring to you good news of a great joy that all the people will have. 11 For today there was born to you in David’s city a savior, who is Christ the Lord. 12 And this is a sign for you: You will find an infant wrapped in strips of cloth and lying in a manger.”"
2. He was born in a manger and was outdoors. Outside during the months of December were cold and grounds covered in snow.
3. When Jesus “was about thirty years old,” he left home and commenced his ministry. (Luke 3:23)
4. He was also baptized around the time of his birth or in the fall (September-October).
5. Jesus was born approximately 6 months after the birth of his relative John the Baptizer, during the rule of Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus and the Syrian governorship of Quirinius and toward the close of the reign of Herod the Great over Judea.
Ref: Matthew 2:1,13,20-22; Luke 1:24-31,36 2:1,2,7.
6. A number of events intervened between the time of Jesus' birth and Herod's death. These included
• Jesus' circumcision on the 8th day following his birth (Luke 2:21)
• His being brought to the temple in Jerusalem 40 days after his birth (Luke 2:22-23, Leviticus 12:1-4,8)
• The journey of the astrologers from eastern parts to Bethlehem where Jesus was no longer in a manger but in a house (Matthew 2:1-11, Luke 2:7,15-16)
• Joseph & Mary’s flight to Egypt with the young child (Matthew 2:13-15)
• Followed by Herod’s realization that the astrologers had not followed his instructions, and the subsequent slaughter of all boys in Bethlehem and its districts under the age of two years (further indicating that Jesus was not a newborn infant by this time).
Jubilee - It was on the tenth day of the seventh month (in the month of Tishri), on the Day of Atonement, that the horn (shoh·phar′, or sho·phar′, a curved, animal horn) was sounded, proclaiming liberty throughout the land. ... Starting the count of years with the entry of the Israelites into the Promised Land, their first Jubilee year began in Tishri of 1424 B.C.E.
Temple Alter set up - In the seventh month (Ethanim, or Tishri) of the year 537 B.C.E., the altar was set up; and in the following year, the foundation of the new temple was laid. As Solomon had done, the builders hired Sidonians and Tyrians to bring cedar timbers from Lebanon. (Ezr 3:7)
When did the prophetic “seventy weeks” actually begin?
As to the beginning of the 70 weeks, Nehemiah was granted permission by King Artaxerxes of Persia, in the 20th year of his rule, in the month of Nisan, to rebuild the wall and the city of Jerusalem. (Ne 2:1, 5, 7, 8) In his calculations as to the reign of Artaxerxes, Nehemiah apparently used a calendar year that began with the month Tishri (September-October), as does the Jews’ present civil calendar, and ended with the month Elul (August-September) as the 12th month. Whether this was his own reckoning or the manner of reckoning employed for certain purposes in Persia is not known.
Nehemiah speaks regarding Tishri - Some may object to the above statement and may point to Nehemiah 7:73, where Nehemiah speaks of Israel as being gathered in their cities in the seventh month—the monthly order here being based on a Nisan-to-Nisan year. But Nehemiah was here copying from “the book of genealogical enrollment of those who came up at the first” with Zerubbabel, in 537 B.C.E. (Ne 7:5) Again, Nehemiah describes the celebration of the Festival of Booths in his time as taking place in the seventh month. (Ne 8:9, 13-18) This was only fitting because the account says that they found what Jehovah commanded “written in the law,” and in that law, at Leviticus 23:39-43, it says that the Festival of Booths was to be in “the seventh month” (that is, of the sacred calendar, running from Nisan to Nisan).
Festival of Booths - Ethanim (Tishri; September-October) was originally the first month of the Jewish calendar, but after the Exodus from Egypt it became the seventh month of the sacred year, since Abib (Nisan; March-April), formerly the seventh month, was made the first month. ... This ceremony began at the close of the 15th of Tishri, the first day of the festival, actually in the beginning of the 16th, the festival’s second day, and was carried on for the five succeeding nights. During the Festival of Booths, in the seventh month, Ethanim or Tishri, branches of trees, including palm, olive, myrtle, and poplar, were used in constructing booths in which the people resided for the duration of the festival. Le 23:40; Ne 8:15.
FESTIVAL OF TRUMPET BLAST This festival occurred on the first day (or the new moon) of the seventh month, Ethanim (Tishri). It was the beginning of the secular year for the Jews. It stood apart from the Festival of the New Moon in the other 11 months as being more important. The command states additionally concerning the Festival of Trumpet Blast that it should be set aside as a day of holy convention, on which no sort of laborious work was to be done. Le 23:24; Nu 29:1-6. This festival, of course, would be an important one, not only because the month it initiated saw the beginning of a new agricultural and labor year but also because the Day of Atonement fell on the 10th day of this month and the Festival of Booths began on the 15th. Truly this festival marked the start of a month for thankfulness to Jehovah.
Start of Agricultural Year. Whereas Abib (or Nisan) became the first month of the year in the sacred Jewish calendar following the Exodus from Egypt, Ethanim continued to be viewed as the first month in a secular or agricultural sense. With this month, almost all the harvesting had been completed, marking the conclusion of the agricultural year. The early rains that thereafter fell softened the ground for the plowing that would follow and that would denote the initiation of new agricultural operations. Jehovah referred to Ethanim as the turning point of the year when speaking of the festival of ingathering as being “at the outgoing of the year” and “at the turn of the year.” (Ex 23:16; 34:22) It is also notable that it was not in the month of Abib but in this month of Ethanim that the Jubilee year began.—Le 25:8-12.
The later name applied to the month, Tishri, means “Beginning of the Year,” and Tishri 1 is still observed by the Jews as their New Year’s Day or Rosh Hashanah (“Head of the Year”).
2Kings25:24-30- King Je·hoi′a·chin gets released from prison. 24 Ged·a·li′ah swore an oath to them and their men and said to them: “Do not be afraid of being servants to the Chal·de′ans. Live in the land and serve the king of Babylon, and it will go well with you.” 25 And in the seventh month, Ish′ma·el son of Neth·a·ni′ah son of E·lish′a·ma, who was of the royal line, came with ten other men, and they struck down Ged·a·li′ah and he died, along with the Jews and the Chal·de′ans who were with him in Miz′pah. 26 After that all the people, from small to great, including the army chiefs, rose up and went to Egypt, for they were afraid of the Chal·de′ans. 27 And in the 37th year of the exile of King Je·hoi′a·chin+ of Judah, in the 12th month, on the 27th day of the month, King E′vil-mer′o·dach of Babylon, in the year he became king, released King Je·hoi′a·chin of Judah from prison. 28 He spoke kindly with him and put his throne higher than the thrones of the other kings who were with him in Babylon. 29 So Je·hoi′a·chin took off his prison garments, and he regularly ate before him all the days of his life. 30 A regular allowance of food was given him from the king, day after day, all the days of his life.
The first day of Nisan, or Abib, marked the start of the sacred year, and the first day of Tishri, or Ethanim, marked the beginning of the secular year.
Zerubbabel - Ezr 5:14, 15) At Jerusalem, the temple altar was erected in the seventh month (Ethanim, or Tishri, September-October), under the direction of Zerubbabel and High Priest Jeshua (Ezr 3:1, 2),
Moon - The seventh new moon of each year (corresponding to the first day of the month of Ethanim, or Tishri) was sabbatical, and the Law covenant decreed it to be a time of complete rest.
On December 22, 1989, the UN General Assembly designated the second Wednesday of October as the International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction. This event was to be observed annually during the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction, 1990-1999. On December 20, 2001, the assembly decided to maintain the observance to promote a global culture of natural disaster reduction, including disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness. So, on October 1990 The International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction began. It is slated to be recognized on the 2nd Wednesday of each month of October. It is a United Nations observance. The date so far has been between October 8-14 each year. The United Nations’ (UN) International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction is annually observed on the second Wednesday of October to raise the profile of disaster risk reduction. It also encourages people and governments to participate in building more resilient communities and nations.
Sabbath Year - The Sabbath year evidently began with the trumpet blast on Ethanim (Tishri) 10, the Day of Atonement. ... However, some hold that, while the Jubilee year started with the Day of Atonement, the Sabbath year started with Tishri 1, so I believe that this may have happened in September and not in October.
The Flood of Noah's day
Genesis 7:11 "In the 600th year of Noah’s life, in the second month, on the 17th day of the month, on that day all the springs of the vast watery deep burst open and the floodgates of the heavens were opened. 12 And the rain poured down on the earth for 40 days and 40 nights. 13 On that very day, Noah went into the ark along with his sons, Shem, Ham, and Ja′pheth, and his wife and the three wives of his sons. I believe that the 2nd month is Iyar(in Hebrew) or April-May which month had 29 days. So the Flood began on 17 Iyar 2370 BCE or 1656 years after Adam arrived on earth. I'm checking to see if anything with regards to the flood that happened in October.
World War 1 - World War I (WWI or WW1 or World War One), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war centered in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. I'm checking to see what if anything happened with WW1 during the month of October.
The fall of Jerusalem - We know that the fall of Jerusalem was in 607 B.C.E. but I don't know what day and month the siege took place. In the July 2014 Watchtower magazine P 30 pp9-11 says that "In line with that prophecy, a world shaking event happened one night early in October 539B.C.E. While Babylon's king and his nobles were drinking wine from holy vessels captured from Jerusalem's temple and were praising their man-made gods, the armies of Media and Persia conquered Babylon.
My question is why now is JW.Org mentioning the month of October so often in their research instead of just stating the year?
Moses crossed over into the promised land 1943B.C.E. I wonder what month they crossed over into that promised land?
Israelites were in captivity for 430 years I wonder what month they were released from captivity. They were released in 1513 B.C.E.
Annual meeting of Jehovah's Witnesses - takes place on first Saturday of October each year. In 2012, 2018 the date was October 6.
October 2012 A self-guided tour outlining the history of Jehovah’s Witnesses opened at our world headquarters in Brooklyn, New York. The exhibit highlights the struggles, dangers, and triumphs experienced by some who have sought to practice Christianity. Why was all this work done? When asked what benefit Jehovah’s Witnesses would gain from taking the tour, one member of the Governing Body of Jehovah’s Witnesses repeated the well-known saying: “To know where we are going, we have to know where we have to know from where we came.”
Chart of Great Tribulation and what happens afterwards
The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began in late October 1929 and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout. The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries
Remember this site on October is still under construction and will be updated as time permits.
Wednesday, August 27, 2014
Jewish Hebrew Calendar conversion
Notes: The "first month" of the Jewish calendar is the month of Nissan, in the spring, when Passover occurs. However, the Jewish New Year is in Tishri, the seventh month, and that is when the year number is increased. This concept of different starting points for a year is not as strange as it might seem at first glance. The American "new year" starts in January, but the new "school year" starts in September, and many businesses have "fiscal years" that start at various times of the year. Similarly, the Jewish calendar has different starting points for different purposes.
The names of the months of the Jewish calendar were adopted during the time of Ezra, after the return from the Babylonian exile. The names are actually Babylonian month names, brought back to Israel by the returning exiles. Note that most of the Bible refers to months by number, not by name.
The Jewish calendar has the following months:
Hebrew . . . . . . . . . Number .. Length ... Gregorian Calendar Equivalent
Nissan (in Hebrew) ....... 1 ..... 30 days .. March-April
Iyar (in Hebrew) ......... 2 ..... 29 days .. April-May
Sivan (in Hebrew)......... 3 ..... 30 days .. May-June
Tammuz (in Hebrew)........ 4 ... 29 days .. June-July
Av (in Hebrew)............ 5 ..... 30 days .. July-August
Elul (in Hebrew).......... 6 ..... 29 days .. August-September
Tishri (in Hebrew)........ 7 ..... 30 days .. September-October
• Sometimes spelled Tishrei. Following the Babylonian exile it was called Tishri, a name that does not appear in the Bible record but that is found in postexilic writings. Before this time, Tishri was called Ethanim. (For a little more information on this topic, see General Discussion on October in History above)
Cheshvan (in Hebrew)...... 8 ..... 29-30 days.October-November
Kislev (in Hebrew)........ 9 ..... 29-30 days.November-December
Tevet (in Hebrew)........ 10 ..... 29 days .. December-January
Shevat (in Hebrew)....... 11 ..... 30 days .. January-February
Adar I (in Hebrew)....... 12 ..... 30 days .. February-March (leap years only)
Adar (in Hebrew)
Adar II (in Hebrew)...... 12 ..... 29 days .. February-March (13 in leap years)
(called Adar Beit in leap years)
The names of the months of the Jewish calendar were adopted during the time of Ezra, after the return from the Babylonian exile. The names are actually Babylonian month names, brought back to Israel by the returning exiles. Note that most of the Bible refers to months by number, not by name.
The Jewish calendar has the following months:
Hebrew . . . . . . . . . Number .. Length ... Gregorian Calendar Equivalent
Nissan (in Hebrew) ....... 1 ..... 30 days .. March-April
Iyar (in Hebrew) ......... 2 ..... 29 days .. April-May
Sivan (in Hebrew)......... 3 ..... 30 days .. May-June
Tammuz (in Hebrew)........ 4 ... 29 days .. June-July
Av (in Hebrew)............ 5 ..... 30 days .. July-August
Elul (in Hebrew).......... 6 ..... 29 days .. August-September
Tishri (in Hebrew)........ 7 ..... 30 days .. September-October
• Sometimes spelled Tishrei. Following the Babylonian exile it was called Tishri, a name that does not appear in the Bible record but that is found in postexilic writings. Before this time, Tishri was called Ethanim. (For a little more information on this topic, see General Discussion on October in History above)
Cheshvan (in Hebrew)...... 8 ..... 29-30 days.October-November
Kislev (in Hebrew)........ 9 ..... 29-30 days.November-December
Tevet (in Hebrew)........ 10 ..... 29 days .. December-January
Shevat (in Hebrew)....... 11 ..... 30 days .. January-February
Adar I (in Hebrew)....... 12 ..... 30 days .. February-March (leap years only)
Adar (in Hebrew)
Adar II (in Hebrew)...... 12 ..... 29 days .. February-March (13 in leap years)
(called Adar Beit in leap years)
October 31
October 31st - Halloween or All Hallow's Eve, an ancient celebration combining the Christian festival of All Saints with Pagan autumn festivals. (see Holidays - Christian or Pagan)
1517 - Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of Wittenberg's palace church, denouncing the selling of papal indulgences and questioning various ecclesiastical practices. This marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
1864 - Nevada - On this day in 1864, anxious to have support of the Republican-dominated Nevada Territory for President Abraham Lincoln’s reelection, the U.S. Congress quickly admits Nevada as the 36th state in the Union. In 1864, Nevada had only 40,000 inhabitants, considerably short of the 60,000 normally required for statehood. But the 1859 discovery of the incredibly large and rich silver deposits at Virginia City had rapidly made the region one of the most important and wealthy in the West. The inexpert miners who initially developed the placer gold deposits at Virginia City had complained for some time about the blue-gray gunk that kept clogging up their gold sluices. Eventually several of the more experienced miners realized that the gunk the gold miners had been tossing aside was actually rich silver ore, and soon after, they discovered the massive underground silver deposit called the Comstock Lode. Unlike the easily developed placer deposits that had inspired the initial gold rushes to California and Nevada, the Comstock Lode ore demanded a wide array of expensive new technologies for profitable development. For the first time, western mining began to attract investments from large eastern capitalists, and these powerful men began to push for Nevada statehood. The decisive factor in easing the path to Nevada’s statehood was President Lincoln’s proposed 13th Amendment banning slavery. Throughout his administration Lincoln had appointed territorial officials in Nevada who were strong Republicans, and he knew he could count on the congressmen and citizens of a new state of Nevada to support him in the coming presidential election and to vote for his proposed amendment. Since time was so short, the Nevada constitutional delegation sent the longest telegram on record up to that time to Washington, D.C., containing the entire text of the proposed state constitution and costing the then astronomical sum of $3,416.77. Their speedy actions paid off with quick congressional approval of statehood and the new state of Nevada did indeed provide strong support for Lincoln. On January 31, 1865, Congress approved the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banning slavery.
1917 - In the Middle East, the British led by General Edmund Allenby begin an attack against Turkish defensive lines stretching between Gaza and Beersheba in southern Palestine. The initial attack on Beersheba surprises the Turks and they pull troops away from Gaza which the British attack secondly. The Turks then retreat northward toward Jerusalem with the Allies in pursuit. Aiding the Allies, are a group of Arab fighters led by T. E. Lawrence, an Arab speaking English archeologist, later known as Lawrence of Arabia. He is instrumental in encouraging Arab opposition to the Turks and in disrupting their railroad and communication system.
1926 - Harry Houdini, the most celebrated magician and escape artist of the 20th century, dies of peritonitis in a Detroit hospital. Twelve days before, Houdini had been talking to a group of students after a lecture in Montreal when he commented on the strength of his stomach muscles and their ability to withstand hard blows. Suddenly, one of the students punched Houdini twice in the stomach. The magician hadn’t had time to prepare, and the blows ruptured his appendix. He fell ill on the train to Detroit, and, after performing one last time, was hospitalized. Doctors operated on him, but to no avail. The burst appendix poisoned his system, and on October 31 he died. In 1908, Houdini began performing more dangerous and dramatic escapes. In a favorite act, he was bound and then locked in an ironbound chest that was dropped into a water tank or thrown off a boat. In another, he was heavily bound and then suspended upside down in a glass-walled water tank. Other acts featured Houdini being hung from a skyscraper in a straitjacket, or bound and buried—without a coffin—under six feet of dirt. In his later years, Houdini campaigned against mediums, mind readers, fakirs, and others who claimed supernatural talents but depended on tricks. At the same time, he was deeply interested in spiritualism and made a pact with his wife and friends that the first to die was to try and communicate with the world of reality from the spirit world. Several of these friends died, but Houdini never received a sign from them. Then, on Halloween 1926, Houdini himself passed on at the age of 52. His wife waited for a communiqué from the spirit world but it never came; she declared the experiment a failure shortly before her death in 1943.
1940 - The Battle of Britain concluded. Beginning on July 10, 1940, German bombers and fighters had attacked coastal targets, airfields, London and other cities, as a prelude to a Nazi invasion of England. British pilots in Spitfires and Hurricanes shot down over 1,700 German aircraft while losing 915 fighters. "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few," declared Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
1941 - Mount Rushmore National Memorial was completed after 14 years of work. The memorial contains 60-foot-tall sculptures of the heads of Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt - representing America's founding, political philosophy, preservation, and expansion and conservation.
1950 - Earl Lloyd became the first African American to play in a National Basketball Association (NBA) game when he took the floor for the Washington Capitols in Rochester, New York.
1952 - The U.S. detonated its first hydrogen bomb at the Elugelab Atoll in the Eniwetok Proving Grounds in the Pacific Marshall Islands.
1961 - The body of Joseph Stalin was removed from the mausoleum in Red Square and reburied within the Kremlin walls among the graves of lesser Soviet heroes. This occurred as part of Russia's de-Stalinization program under his successor Nikita Khrushchev. Stalin's name was also removed from public buildings, streets, and factories. Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd.
1968 - During the Vietnam War, President Lyndon Johnson ordered a halt of American bombing of North Vietnam.
1984 - Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by three Sikh members of her bodyguard while walking in the garden of her New Delhi home.
Birthday - (1887-1975) - Chinese soldier and statesman Chiang Kai-shek was born in Chekiang. Educated at the Wampoa Military Academy, he led the KMT (nationalist) forces in the struggle against the Communist army led by Mao Zedong.
1517 - Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of Wittenberg's palace church, denouncing the selling of papal indulgences and questioning various ecclesiastical practices. This marked the beginning of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.
1864 - Nevada - On this day in 1864, anxious to have support of the Republican-dominated Nevada Territory for President Abraham Lincoln’s reelection, the U.S. Congress quickly admits Nevada as the 36th state in the Union. In 1864, Nevada had only 40,000 inhabitants, considerably short of the 60,000 normally required for statehood. But the 1859 discovery of the incredibly large and rich silver deposits at Virginia City had rapidly made the region one of the most important and wealthy in the West. The inexpert miners who initially developed the placer gold deposits at Virginia City had complained for some time about the blue-gray gunk that kept clogging up their gold sluices. Eventually several of the more experienced miners realized that the gunk the gold miners had been tossing aside was actually rich silver ore, and soon after, they discovered the massive underground silver deposit called the Comstock Lode. Unlike the easily developed placer deposits that had inspired the initial gold rushes to California and Nevada, the Comstock Lode ore demanded a wide array of expensive new technologies for profitable development. For the first time, western mining began to attract investments from large eastern capitalists, and these powerful men began to push for Nevada statehood. The decisive factor in easing the path to Nevada’s statehood was President Lincoln’s proposed 13th Amendment banning slavery. Throughout his administration Lincoln had appointed territorial officials in Nevada who were strong Republicans, and he knew he could count on the congressmen and citizens of a new state of Nevada to support him in the coming presidential election and to vote for his proposed amendment. Since time was so short, the Nevada constitutional delegation sent the longest telegram on record up to that time to Washington, D.C., containing the entire text of the proposed state constitution and costing the then astronomical sum of $3,416.77. Their speedy actions paid off with quick congressional approval of statehood and the new state of Nevada did indeed provide strong support for Lincoln. On January 31, 1865, Congress approved the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banning slavery.
1917 - In the Middle East, the British led by General Edmund Allenby begin an attack against Turkish defensive lines stretching between Gaza and Beersheba in southern Palestine. The initial attack on Beersheba surprises the Turks and they pull troops away from Gaza which the British attack secondly. The Turks then retreat northward toward Jerusalem with the Allies in pursuit. Aiding the Allies, are a group of Arab fighters led by T. E. Lawrence, an Arab speaking English archeologist, later known as Lawrence of Arabia. He is instrumental in encouraging Arab opposition to the Turks and in disrupting their railroad and communication system.
1926 - Harry Houdini, the most celebrated magician and escape artist of the 20th century, dies of peritonitis in a Detroit hospital. Twelve days before, Houdini had been talking to a group of students after a lecture in Montreal when he commented on the strength of his stomach muscles and their ability to withstand hard blows. Suddenly, one of the students punched Houdini twice in the stomach. The magician hadn’t had time to prepare, and the blows ruptured his appendix. He fell ill on the train to Detroit, and, after performing one last time, was hospitalized. Doctors operated on him, but to no avail. The burst appendix poisoned his system, and on October 31 he died. In 1908, Houdini began performing more dangerous and dramatic escapes. In a favorite act, he was bound and then locked in an ironbound chest that was dropped into a water tank or thrown off a boat. In another, he was heavily bound and then suspended upside down in a glass-walled water tank. Other acts featured Houdini being hung from a skyscraper in a straitjacket, or bound and buried—without a coffin—under six feet of dirt. In his later years, Houdini campaigned against mediums, mind readers, fakirs, and others who claimed supernatural talents but depended on tricks. At the same time, he was deeply interested in spiritualism and made a pact with his wife and friends that the first to die was to try and communicate with the world of reality from the spirit world. Several of these friends died, but Houdini never received a sign from them. Then, on Halloween 1926, Houdini himself passed on at the age of 52. His wife waited for a communiqué from the spirit world but it never came; she declared the experiment a failure shortly before her death in 1943.
1940 - The Battle of Britain concluded. Beginning on July 10, 1940, German bombers and fighters had attacked coastal targets, airfields, London and other cities, as a prelude to a Nazi invasion of England. British pilots in Spitfires and Hurricanes shot down over 1,700 German aircraft while losing 915 fighters. "Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few," declared Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
1941 - Mount Rushmore National Memorial was completed after 14 years of work. The memorial contains 60-foot-tall sculptures of the heads of Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Theodore Roosevelt - representing America's founding, political philosophy, preservation, and expansion and conservation.
1950 - Earl Lloyd became the first African American to play in a National Basketball Association (NBA) game when he took the floor for the Washington Capitols in Rochester, New York.
1952 - The U.S. detonated its first hydrogen bomb at the Elugelab Atoll in the Eniwetok Proving Grounds in the Pacific Marshall Islands.
1961 - The body of Joseph Stalin was removed from the mausoleum in Red Square and reburied within the Kremlin walls among the graves of lesser Soviet heroes. This occurred as part of Russia's de-Stalinization program under his successor Nikita Khrushchev. Stalin's name was also removed from public buildings, streets, and factories. Stalingrad was renamed Volgograd.
1968 - During the Vietnam War, President Lyndon Johnson ordered a halt of American bombing of North Vietnam.
1984 - Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by three Sikh members of her bodyguard while walking in the garden of her New Delhi home.
Birthday - (1887-1975) - Chinese soldier and statesman Chiang Kai-shek was born in Chekiang. Educated at the Wampoa Military Academy, he led the KMT (nationalist) forces in the struggle against the Communist army led by Mao Zedong.
October 30
1270: The eighth and last Crusade is launched.
1697: France signs the Peace of Ryswick, ending the War of the Grand Alliance between France on one side and England, the Netherlands, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire on the other.
October 30, 1905 - To counter the spread of revolutionary movements in Russia, Czar Nicholas II took a step toward constitutional government by allowing for an elected parliament (Duma) with legislative powers and guaranteeing civil liberties.
1938 - The War of the Worlds radio broadcast panicked millions of Americans. Actor Orson Welles and the Mercury Players dramatized the story by H.G. Wells depicting a Martian invasion of New Jersey. Their script utilized simulated radio news bulletins which many listeners thought were real. Their script described the landing of an invasion force from Mars that would cause widespread destruction on Earth. Apparently this was intended as a Halloween joke. Even after disclaimers from the radio station spoke to the millions of listeners, most people affected did not hear this disclaimer and then panicked when they listened to the radio program. Some listeners even took measures in an attempt to protect themselves from imaginary aliens. Today there is a real war looming on the horizon, however people are failing to respond to its approach. This war is foretold, not in a science fiction novel, but in God's inspired word, the Bible. It is the war of Armageddon - God's war against this wicked system of things. Revelations 16:14-16
1943 - Moscow and Teheran Conferences
In a declaration signed in Moscow on 30 October 1943, the Governments of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and China called for an early establishment of an international organization to maintain peace and security. That goal was reaffirmed at the meeting of the leaders of the United States, the USSR, and the United Kingdom at Teheran on 1 December 1943.
1990 - For the first time since the Ice Age, Great Britain was connected with the European continent, via a new rail tunnel under the English Channel.
Birthday - John Adams (1735-1826) the 2nd U.S. President was born in Braintree, Massachusetts. He served from March 4, 1797 to March 3, 1801. He had been George Washington's vice president, and was the father of John Quincy Adams, the 6th President. He died on July 4, 1826, the same day as Thomas Jefferson, on the 50th anniversary of adoption of the Declaration of Independence.
Birthday - Emily Post (1872-1960) was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She wrote influential books on etiquette and a syndicated newspaper column giving advice on manners in specific situations.
Birthday - Admiral William "Bull" Halsey (1882-1959) was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He was the American fleet commander during World War II in the Pacific and played a leading role in the defeat of the Japanese. In 1942, he launched the Doolittle Raid, the first air raid on Japan. From 1942-44, he coordinated successful attacks on the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. In 1944, he led the U.S. fleet to victory at the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history.
1697: France signs the Peace of Ryswick, ending the War of the Grand Alliance between France on one side and England, the Netherlands, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire on the other.
October 30, 1905 - To counter the spread of revolutionary movements in Russia, Czar Nicholas II took a step toward constitutional government by allowing for an elected parliament (Duma) with legislative powers and guaranteeing civil liberties.
1938 - The War of the Worlds radio broadcast panicked millions of Americans. Actor Orson Welles and the Mercury Players dramatized the story by H.G. Wells depicting a Martian invasion of New Jersey. Their script utilized simulated radio news bulletins which many listeners thought were real. Their script described the landing of an invasion force from Mars that would cause widespread destruction on Earth. Apparently this was intended as a Halloween joke. Even after disclaimers from the radio station spoke to the millions of listeners, most people affected did not hear this disclaimer and then panicked when they listened to the radio program. Some listeners even took measures in an attempt to protect themselves from imaginary aliens. Today there is a real war looming on the horizon, however people are failing to respond to its approach. This war is foretold, not in a science fiction novel, but in God's inspired word, the Bible. It is the war of Armageddon - God's war against this wicked system of things. Revelations 16:14-16
1943 - Moscow and Teheran Conferences
In a declaration signed in Moscow on 30 October 1943, the Governments of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States and China called for an early establishment of an international organization to maintain peace and security. That goal was reaffirmed at the meeting of the leaders of the United States, the USSR, and the United Kingdom at Teheran on 1 December 1943.
1990 - For the first time since the Ice Age, Great Britain was connected with the European continent, via a new rail tunnel under the English Channel.
Birthday - John Adams (1735-1826) the 2nd U.S. President was born in Braintree, Massachusetts. He served from March 4, 1797 to March 3, 1801. He had been George Washington's vice president, and was the father of John Quincy Adams, the 6th President. He died on July 4, 1826, the same day as Thomas Jefferson, on the 50th anniversary of adoption of the Declaration of Independence.
Birthday - Emily Post (1872-1960) was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She wrote influential books on etiquette and a syndicated newspaper column giving advice on manners in specific situations.
Birthday - Admiral William "Bull" Halsey (1882-1959) was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey. He was the American fleet commander during World War II in the Pacific and played a leading role in the defeat of the Japanese. In 1942, he launched the Doolittle Raid, the first air raid on Japan. From 1942-44, he coordinated successful attacks on the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. In 1944, he led the U.S. fleet to victory at the Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history.
October 29
October 29, 1618 - British explorer Sir Walter Raleigh was executed in London for treason on orders from King James I.
1814 - The Demologos, the first steam-powered warship, launched in New York City. Things went downhill from here!
1858 - On this day in 1858, the first store opens in a small frontier town in Colorado Territory that a month later will take the name of Denver in a shameless ploy to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. The brainchild of a town promoter and real estate salesman from Kansas named William H. Larimer Jr., Denver and its first store were created to serve the miners working the placer gold deposits discove red a year before at the confluence of Cheery Creek and the South Platte River. By 1859, tens of thousands of gold seekers had flooded into the area, but by then the placer deposits were already playing out and most miners quickly departed for home or headed west into the mountains in search of richer lodes. As a result, by 1860, Larimer’s new town had almost failed before it had even really started. Although it was still centrally located for servicing the mining camps along the Rocky Mountain Front Range, Denver had neither the rail or water transportation routes needed to bring in goods cheaply. Even the tran scontinental Union Pacific railroad, which opened in 1869, didn’t stop at Denver initially. In 1870, Denver began to overcome its geographical isolation with the arrival of the Kansas Pacific Railroad from the East and the completion of the 105-mile Denver Pacific Railway joining Denver to the Union Pacific line at Cheyenne. Other lines began to connect Denver to the booming mining regions in the Rockies, and by the mid-1870s, the city was thriving as a railroad hub and center of the western mining industry. By 1890, Denver had a popu lation of more than 106,000, making it the 26th largest urban area in the nation and earning it the nickname, the “Queen City of the Plains.” However, the Silver Panic of 1893 brought the boom to an abrupt end, though it was partially revived a year later by the gold discoveries on Cripple Creek. Although the growing significance of farming and ranching helped moderate its ups and downs by decreasing the city’s dependency on mining, this cyclical pattern of economic boom and bust would continue to dominate Denver, and many other western cities, throughout much of the 20th century.
1901 - Leon Czolgosz is electrocuted for the assassination of US President William McKinley. Czolgosz, an anarchist, shot McKinley on September 6 during a public reception at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, N.Y. Despite early hopes of recovery, McKinley died September 14, in Buffalo, NY.
1927 - Russian archaeologist Peter Kozloff apparently uncovers the tomb of Genghis Khan in the Gobi Desert, a claim still in dispute.
1929 - The stock market crashed as over 16 million shares were dumped amid tumbling prices. The Great Depression followed in America, lasting until the outbreak of World War II. The 1920s investment boom goes bust when a record number of shares are traded on Wall Street in October 1929 — 16.4 million on the 29th alone—evaporating $30 billion from the stock market's value. As overleveraged investors crash, consumer spending declines and a tariff reduces foreign markets for U.S. goods. Unemployment rises and the country sinks into the Great Depression. By 1933, some 9,000 banks fail, taking uninsured depositors with them. Today the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, begun in 1933, insures deposits up to $250,000. The Dow lost an additional 30 points, or 12 percent in this one day for a total loss of 24% of its total value. By mid-November $30 billion of the $80 billion worth of stocks listed in September will have been wiped out.
1945 - The first ball-point pen goes is sold by Gimbell's department store in New York for a price of $12.
1952 - French forces launch Operation Lorraine against Viet Minh supply bases in Indochina.
1964 - Thieves steal a jewel collection--including the world's largest sapphire, the 565-carat "Star of India," and the 100-carat DeLong ruby--from the Museum of Natural History in New York. The thieves were caught and most of the jewels recovered.
1969 - First computer-to-computer link; the link is accomplished through ARPANET, forerunner of the Internet.
1972 - Palestinian guerrillas kill an airport employee and hijack a plane, carrying 27 passengers, to Cuba. They force West Germany to release 3 terrorists who were involved in the Munich Massacre.
1983 - More than 500,000 people protest in The Hague, The Netherlands, against cruise missiles.
1998 - The deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record up to that time, Hurricane Mitch, makes landfall in Honduras (in 2005 Hurricane Wilma surpassed it); nearly 11,000 people died and approximately the same number were missing.
Birthday - Nazi propaganda minister Paul Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945) was born in Rheydt, near Dusseldorf, Germany. Considered a master propagandist, he controlled all Nazi newspapers, radio and film production. He was a virulent anti-Semite who advocated the extermination of the Jews. Devoted to Hitler until the end, he died at Hitler's Berlin bunker in 1945 after poisoning his six children.
Birthday - 1815-1876 - SAMUEL MANAIAKALANI KAMAKAU born in Mokuleia, Oahu, Hawaii and died in Honolulu, Hawaii. He lived his life as a great Hawaiian historian and public service for the people of Hawaii.
1814 - The Demologos, the first steam-powered warship, launched in New York City. Things went downhill from here!
1858 - On this day in 1858, the first store opens in a small frontier town in Colorado Territory that a month later will take the name of Denver in a shameless ploy to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver. The brainchild of a town promoter and real estate salesman from Kansas named William H. Larimer Jr., Denver and its first store were created to serve the miners working the placer gold deposits discove red a year before at the confluence of Cheery Creek and the South Platte River. By 1859, tens of thousands of gold seekers had flooded into the area, but by then the placer deposits were already playing out and most miners quickly departed for home or headed west into the mountains in search of richer lodes. As a result, by 1860, Larimer’s new town had almost failed before it had even really started. Although it was still centrally located for servicing the mining camps along the Rocky Mountain Front Range, Denver had neither the rail or water transportation routes needed to bring in goods cheaply. Even the tran scontinental Union Pacific railroad, which opened in 1869, didn’t stop at Denver initially. In 1870, Denver began to overcome its geographical isolation with the arrival of the Kansas Pacific Railroad from the East and the completion of the 105-mile Denver Pacific Railway joining Denver to the Union Pacific line at Cheyenne. Other lines began to connect Denver to the booming mining regions in the Rockies, and by the mid-1870s, the city was thriving as a railroad hub and center of the western mining industry. By 1890, Denver had a popu lation of more than 106,000, making it the 26th largest urban area in the nation and earning it the nickname, the “Queen City of the Plains.” However, the Silver Panic of 1893 brought the boom to an abrupt end, though it was partially revived a year later by the gold discoveries on Cripple Creek. Although the growing significance of farming and ranching helped moderate its ups and downs by decreasing the city’s dependency on mining, this cyclical pattern of economic boom and bust would continue to dominate Denver, and many other western cities, throughout much of the 20th century.
1901 - Leon Czolgosz is electrocuted for the assassination of US President William McKinley. Czolgosz, an anarchist, shot McKinley on September 6 during a public reception at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, N.Y. Despite early hopes of recovery, McKinley died September 14, in Buffalo, NY.
1927 - Russian archaeologist Peter Kozloff apparently uncovers the tomb of Genghis Khan in the Gobi Desert, a claim still in dispute.
1929 - The stock market crashed as over 16 million shares were dumped amid tumbling prices. The Great Depression followed in America, lasting until the outbreak of World War II. The 1920s investment boom goes bust when a record number of shares are traded on Wall Street in October 1929 — 16.4 million on the 29th alone—evaporating $30 billion from the stock market's value. As overleveraged investors crash, consumer spending declines and a tariff reduces foreign markets for U.S. goods. Unemployment rises and the country sinks into the Great Depression. By 1933, some 9,000 banks fail, taking uninsured depositors with them. Today the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, begun in 1933, insures deposits up to $250,000. The Dow lost an additional 30 points, or 12 percent in this one day for a total loss of 24% of its total value. By mid-November $30 billion of the $80 billion worth of stocks listed in September will have been wiped out.
1945 - The first ball-point pen goes is sold by Gimbell's department store in New York for a price of $12.
1952 - French forces launch Operation Lorraine against Viet Minh supply bases in Indochina.
1964 - Thieves steal a jewel collection--including the world's largest sapphire, the 565-carat "Star of India," and the 100-carat DeLong ruby--from the Museum of Natural History in New York. The thieves were caught and most of the jewels recovered.
1969 - First computer-to-computer link; the link is accomplished through ARPANET, forerunner of the Internet.
1972 - Palestinian guerrillas kill an airport employee and hijack a plane, carrying 27 passengers, to Cuba. They force West Germany to release 3 terrorists who were involved in the Munich Massacre.
1983 - More than 500,000 people protest in The Hague, The Netherlands, against cruise missiles.
1998 - The deadliest Atlantic hurricane on record up to that time, Hurricane Mitch, makes landfall in Honduras (in 2005 Hurricane Wilma surpassed it); nearly 11,000 people died and approximately the same number were missing.
Birthday - Nazi propaganda minister Paul Joseph Goebbels (1897-1945) was born in Rheydt, near Dusseldorf, Germany. Considered a master propagandist, he controlled all Nazi newspapers, radio and film production. He was a virulent anti-Semite who advocated the extermination of the Jews. Devoted to Hitler until the end, he died at Hitler's Berlin bunker in 1945 after poisoning his six children.
Birthday - 1815-1876 - SAMUEL MANAIAKALANI KAMAKAU born in Mokuleia, Oahu, Hawaii and died in Honolulu, Hawaii. He lived his life as a great Hawaiian historian and public service for the people of Hawaii.
October 28
October 28, 1636 - Harvard University, the oldest institution of higher learning in America, was founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It was named after John Harvard, a Puritan who donated his library and half of his estate. Distinguished alumni include; Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Henry James, and NAACP founder W.E.B. Du Bois.
October 28, 1846 - The Donner Party departed Illinois heading for California. The group totaled 90 persons, including immigrants, families and businessmen, led by George and Jacob Donner. Tragedy later struck as they became stranded in snow in the Sierras where famine and cannibalism took its toll. There were 48 survivors by the end of their journey in April of 1847.
October 28, 1886 - The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor. The statue was a gift from the people of France commemorating the French-American alliance during the American Revolutionary War. Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, the entire structure stands 300 feet (92.9 meters) tall. The pedestal contains the words: "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
October 28, 1918 - The Republic of Czechoslovakia was founded, assembled from three provinces - Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia - which had been part of the former Austro-Hungarian empire.
October 28, 1918 - In the waning days of World War I, mutiny broke out in the German fleet at Kiel. Ships in port ran up the red flag of revolution. The uprising spread to Hamburg, Bremen and Lubeck, resulting in a general strike in Berlin which brought the government of Kaiser Wilhelm to a halt.
October 28, 1919 - Prohibition began in the U.S. with the passage of the National Prohibition (Volstead) Act by Congress. Sales of drinks containing more than one half of one percent of alcohol became illegal. Called a "noble experiment" by Herbert Hoover, prohibition last nearly 14 years and became highly profitable for organized crime which manufactured and sold liquor in saloons called speakeasies.
October 28, 1922 - Fascist blackshirts began their "March on Rome" from Naples which resulted in the formation of a dictatorship under Benito Mussolini. October 28, 1949 - Helen Anderson became the first woman ambassador, appointed by President Harry Truman to be Ambassador to Denmark.
On October 28, 1929 "Black Monday", more investors facing margin calls decided to get out of the market, and the slide continued with a record loss in the Dow for the day of 38.33 points, or close to 13% of its total stock/asset value. The market would not return to the peak closing of September 3, 1929 until November 23, 1954. It was the first Monday after Black Thursday, which kicked off the stock market crash of 1929. On Black Monday, stocks fell 13%. That followed the 11% decline experienced a few days earlier on Black Thursday. The next day was Black Tuesday when the stock market lost the remaining gains it had made during the entire year. The sell-off was not enough to start the Great Depression of 1929. But it set the stage by shattering confidence in business investing. As people realized that banks had used their savings to invest on Wall Street, they rushed to take out their deposits. Banks closed over the weekend, and then only gave out 10 cents on the dollar. Many people who had never invested in the stock market also lost their life savings. Banks without deposits went bankrupt. Businesses couldn't get loans. People couldn't buy houses. Wall Street investors turned to gold and drove up gold prices. Since the dollar was tied to the gold standard, people turned in dollars for gold and consequently, depleted reserves. In response, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates to protect the value of the dollar. This contractionary monetary policy turned a bad recession into the Great Depression.
October 28, 1958 - Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, Patriarch of Venice, was elected Pope, taking the title John XXIII. Best known for undertaking the 21st Ecumenical Council (Vatican II).
October 28, 1962 - The Cuban Missile Crisis ended with the announcement by Soviet Russia's leader Nikita Khrushchev that his Soviet government was halting construction of missile bases in Cuba and would remove the offensive missiles. President Kennedy immediately accepted the offer then lifted the U.S. naval blockade of Cuba.
October 28, 1971 - The British House of Commons voted 356-244 in favor of joining the European Economic Community.
Birthday - Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) was born in New York City. In 1952, he developed a vaccine for the dreaded childhood disease Polio (poliomyelitis, also known as infantile paralysis). His vaccine reduced deaths from Polio in the U.S. by 95%.
Birthday - Microsoft founder Bill Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, October 28, 1955. In 1975, he co-founded Microsoft with Paul Allen, designing software for IBM computers. By 1980, Microsoft became the leading software company for IBM compatible computers. Gates became a billionaire by age 31 and remains one of the world's wealthiest individuals.
October 28, 1846 - The Donner Party departed Illinois heading for California. The group totaled 90 persons, including immigrants, families and businessmen, led by George and Jacob Donner. Tragedy later struck as they became stranded in snow in the Sierras where famine and cannibalism took its toll. There were 48 survivors by the end of their journey in April of 1847.
October 28, 1886 - The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor. The statue was a gift from the people of France commemorating the French-American alliance during the American Revolutionary War. Designed by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, the entire structure stands 300 feet (92.9 meters) tall. The pedestal contains the words: "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
October 28, 1918 - The Republic of Czechoslovakia was founded, assembled from three provinces - Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia - which had been part of the former Austro-Hungarian empire.
October 28, 1918 - In the waning days of World War I, mutiny broke out in the German fleet at Kiel. Ships in port ran up the red flag of revolution. The uprising spread to Hamburg, Bremen and Lubeck, resulting in a general strike in Berlin which brought the government of Kaiser Wilhelm to a halt.
October 28, 1919 - Prohibition began in the U.S. with the passage of the National Prohibition (Volstead) Act by Congress. Sales of drinks containing more than one half of one percent of alcohol became illegal. Called a "noble experiment" by Herbert Hoover, prohibition last nearly 14 years and became highly profitable for organized crime which manufactured and sold liquor in saloons called speakeasies.
October 28, 1922 - Fascist blackshirts began their "March on Rome" from Naples which resulted in the formation of a dictatorship under Benito Mussolini. October 28, 1949 - Helen Anderson became the first woman ambassador, appointed by President Harry Truman to be Ambassador to Denmark.
On October 28, 1929 "Black Monday", more investors facing margin calls decided to get out of the market, and the slide continued with a record loss in the Dow for the day of 38.33 points, or close to 13% of its total stock/asset value. The market would not return to the peak closing of September 3, 1929 until November 23, 1954. It was the first Monday after Black Thursday, which kicked off the stock market crash of 1929. On Black Monday, stocks fell 13%. That followed the 11% decline experienced a few days earlier on Black Thursday. The next day was Black Tuesday when the stock market lost the remaining gains it had made during the entire year. The sell-off was not enough to start the Great Depression of 1929. But it set the stage by shattering confidence in business investing. As people realized that banks had used their savings to invest on Wall Street, they rushed to take out their deposits. Banks closed over the weekend, and then only gave out 10 cents on the dollar. Many people who had never invested in the stock market also lost their life savings. Banks without deposits went bankrupt. Businesses couldn't get loans. People couldn't buy houses. Wall Street investors turned to gold and drove up gold prices. Since the dollar was tied to the gold standard, people turned in dollars for gold and consequently, depleted reserves. In response, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates to protect the value of the dollar. This contractionary monetary policy turned a bad recession into the Great Depression.
October 28, 1958 - Cardinal Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, Patriarch of Venice, was elected Pope, taking the title John XXIII. Best known for undertaking the 21st Ecumenical Council (Vatican II).
October 28, 1962 - The Cuban Missile Crisis ended with the announcement by Soviet Russia's leader Nikita Khrushchev that his Soviet government was halting construction of missile bases in Cuba and would remove the offensive missiles. President Kennedy immediately accepted the offer then lifted the U.S. naval blockade of Cuba.
October 28, 1971 - The British House of Commons voted 356-244 in favor of joining the European Economic Community.
Birthday - Dr. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) was born in New York City. In 1952, he developed a vaccine for the dreaded childhood disease Polio (poliomyelitis, also known as infantile paralysis). His vaccine reduced deaths from Polio in the U.S. by 95%.
Birthday - Microsoft founder Bill Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, October 28, 1955. In 1975, he co-founded Microsoft with Paul Allen, designing software for IBM computers. By 1980, Microsoft became the leading software company for IBM compatible computers. Gates became a billionaire by age 31 and remains one of the world's wealthiest individuals.
October 27
October 27, 1656 - William Robinson and Marmaduke Stevenson, two Quakers who came from England in 1656 to escape religious persecution, are executed in the Massachusetts Bay Colony for their religious beliefs. The two had violated a law passed by the Massachusetts General Court the year before, banning Quakers from the colony under penalty of death.
1787 - The first of 85 Federalist Papers appeared in print in a New York City newspaper. The essays argued for the adoption of the new U.S. Constitution. They were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay.
1904 - The New York City subway began operating, running from City Hall to West 145th Street, the first underground and underwater rail system in the world. It was at 2:35 on the afternoon of October 27, 1904, New York City Mayor George McClellan takes the controls on the inaugural run of the city’s innovative new rapid transit system: the subway. At 7 p.m. that evening, the subway opened to the general public, and more than 100,000 people paid a nickel each to take their first ride under Manhattan. IRT service expanded to the Bronx in 1905, to Brooklyn in 1908 and to Queens in 1915. Since 1968, the subway has been controlled by the Metropolitan Transport Authority (MTA). The system now has 26 lines and 468 stations in operation; the longest line, the 8th Avenue “A” Express train, stretches more than 32 miles, from the northern tip of Manhattan to the far southeast corner of Queens. Every day, some 4.5 million passengers take the subway in New York. With the exception of the PATH train connecting New York with New Jersey and some parts of Chicago’s elevated train system, New York’s subway is the only rapid transit system in the world that runs 24 hours a day, seven days a week. No matter how crowded or dirty, the subway is one New York City institution few New Yorkers—or tourists—could do without.
1978 - The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded jointly to Menachem Begin of Israel and Anwar Sadat of Egypt.
1994 - The U.S. Justice Department announces that the U.S. prison population has topped one million for the first time in American history. The figure—1,012,851 men and women were in state and federal prisons—did not even include local prisons, where an estimated 500,000 prisoners were held, usually for short periods. The recent increase, due to tougher sentencing laws, made the United States second only to Russia in the world for incarceration rates.
2019 - President of the United States orders the killing/execution of ISIS leader & chief terrorist Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in hopes of making the world a safer place to live.
Acknowledgments for the charts & reports for this data belong to:
This 2016 report was made possible by a generous grant from the Public Welfare Foundation and the contributions of individuals across the country who support justice reform. The infographic slideshows and the graph of correctional control were made possible by Gabe Isman of our Young Professionals Network. Bob Machuga and J. Andrew World helped with design issues, and Alison Walsh helped us gather research. Melissa Sickmund at the National Center for Juvenile Justice and Todd Minton at the Bureau of Justice Statistics expanded our knowledge of agencies’ datasets; and Alex Friedmann, Neelum Arya and Drew Kukorowski provided invaluable feedback on earlier drafts of this report. Any errors or omissions, and final responsibility for all of the many value judgements required to produce a data visualization like this, however, are the sole responsibility of the authors.
Birthday - British navigator James Cook (1728-1779) was born in Yorkshire, England. He explored New Zealand, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands.
Birthday - Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) the 26th U.S. President was born in New York City. He succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of President William McKinley. Roosevelt served from September 14, 1901 to March 3, 1909. Best remembered for stating, "Speak softly and carry a big stick."
Birthday - Welsh poet and playwright Dylan Thomas (1914-1953) was born in Swansea, Wales. His works included; The World I Breathe, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog, The Doctor and the Devil and the drama Under Milk Wood.
1787 - The first of 85 Federalist Papers appeared in print in a New York City newspaper. The essays argued for the adoption of the new U.S. Constitution. They were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay.
1904 - The New York City subway began operating, running from City Hall to West 145th Street, the first underground and underwater rail system in the world. It was at 2:35 on the afternoon of October 27, 1904, New York City Mayor George McClellan takes the controls on the inaugural run of the city’s innovative new rapid transit system: the subway. At 7 p.m. that evening, the subway opened to the general public, and more than 100,000 people paid a nickel each to take their first ride under Manhattan. IRT service expanded to the Bronx in 1905, to Brooklyn in 1908 and to Queens in 1915. Since 1968, the subway has been controlled by the Metropolitan Transport Authority (MTA). The system now has 26 lines and 468 stations in operation; the longest line, the 8th Avenue “A” Express train, stretches more than 32 miles, from the northern tip of Manhattan to the far southeast corner of Queens. Every day, some 4.5 million passengers take the subway in New York. With the exception of the PATH train connecting New York with New Jersey and some parts of Chicago’s elevated train system, New York’s subway is the only rapid transit system in the world that runs 24 hours a day, seven days a week. No matter how crowded or dirty, the subway is one New York City institution few New Yorkers—or tourists—could do without.
1978 - The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded jointly to Menachem Begin of Israel and Anwar Sadat of Egypt.
1994 - The U.S. Justice Department announces that the U.S. prison population has topped one million for the first time in American history. The figure—1,012,851 men and women were in state and federal prisons—did not even include local prisons, where an estimated 500,000 prisoners were held, usually for short periods. The recent increase, due to tougher sentencing laws, made the United States second only to Russia in the world for incarceration rates.
2019 - President of the United States orders the killing/execution of ISIS leader & chief terrorist Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in hopes of making the world a safer place to live.
Acknowledgments for the charts & reports for this data belong to:
This 2016 report was made possible by a generous grant from the Public Welfare Foundation and the contributions of individuals across the country who support justice reform. The infographic slideshows and the graph of correctional control were made possible by Gabe Isman of our Young Professionals Network. Bob Machuga and J. Andrew World helped with design issues, and Alison Walsh helped us gather research. Melissa Sickmund at the National Center for Juvenile Justice and Todd Minton at the Bureau of Justice Statistics expanded our knowledge of agencies’ datasets; and Alex Friedmann, Neelum Arya and Drew Kukorowski provided invaluable feedback on earlier drafts of this report. Any errors or omissions, and final responsibility for all of the many value judgements required to produce a data visualization like this, however, are the sole responsibility of the authors.
Birthday - British navigator James Cook (1728-1779) was born in Yorkshire, England. He explored New Zealand, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands.
Birthday - Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) the 26th U.S. President was born in New York City. He succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of President William McKinley. Roosevelt served from September 14, 1901 to March 3, 1909. Best remembered for stating, "Speak softly and carry a big stick."
Birthday - Welsh poet and playwright Dylan Thomas (1914-1953) was born in Swansea, Wales. His works included; The World I Breathe, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Dog, The Doctor and the Devil and the drama Under Milk Wood.
October 26
October 26, 1881 - The shoot-out at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona, occurred between the feuding Clanton and Earp families. Wyatt Earp, two of his brothers and "Doc" Holliday gunned down two Clantons and two others. After silver was discovered nearby in 1877, Tombstone quickly grew into one of the richest mining towns in the Southwest. Wyatt Earp, a former Kansas police officer working as a bank security guard, and his brothers, Morgan and Virgil, the town marshal, represented “law and order” in Tombstone, though they also had reputations as being power-hungry and ruthless. The Clantons and McLaurys were cowboys who lived on a ranch outside of town and sidelined as cattle rustlers, thieves and murderers. In October 1881, the struggle between these two groups for control of Tombstone and Cochise County ended in a blaze of gunfire at the OK Corral. On the morning of October 25, Ike Clanton and Tom McLaury came into Tombstone for supplies. Over the next 24 hours, the two men had several violent run-ins with the Earps and their friend Doc Holliday. Around 1:30 p.m. on October 26, Ike’s brother Billy rode into town to join them, along with Frank McLaury and Billy Claiborne. The first person they met in the local saloon was Holliday, who was delighted to inform them that their brothers had both been pistol-whipped by the Earps. Frank and Billy immediately left the saloon, vowing revenge. Around 3 p.m., the Earps and Holliday spotted the five members of the Clanton-McLaury gang in a vacant lot behind the OK Corral, at the end of Fremont Street. The famous gunfight that ensued lasted all of 30 seconds, and around 30 shots were fired. Though it’s still debated who fired the first shot, most reports say that the shootout began when Virgil Earp pulled out his revolver and shot Billy Clanton point-blank in the chest, while Doc Holliday fired a shotgun blast at Tom McLaury’s chest. Though Wyatt Earp wounded Frank McLaury with a shot in the stomach, Frank managed to get off a few shots before collapsing, as did Billy Clanton. When the dust cleared, Billy Clanton and the McLaury brothers were dead, and Virgil and Morgan Earp and Doc Holliday were wounded. Ike Clanton and Claiborne had run for the hills. Sheriff John Behan of Cochise County, who witnessed the shootout, charged the Earps and Holliday with murder. A month later, however, a Tombstone judge found the men not guilty, ruling that they were “fully justified in committing these homicides.” The famous shootout has been immortalized in many movies, including Frontier Marshal (1939), Gunfight at the OK Corral (1957), Tombstone (1993) and Wyatt Earp (1994).
1825 - The Erie Canal opened as the first major man-made waterway in America, linking Lake Erie with the Hudson River, bypassing the British-controlled lower St. Lawrence. The canal cost over $7 million and took eight years to complete.
1917 - At Ypres, a second attempt is made but fails to capture the village of Passchendaele, with Canadian troops participating this time. Four days later, the Allies attack again and edge closer as the Germans slowly begin pulling out.
1951 - Winston Churchill became Britain's prime minister for a second time, following his Conservative Party's narrow victory in general elections. In his first term from 1940-45 he had guided Britain through its struggle against Nazi Germany.
1955 - Ngo Dinh Diem proclaimed South Vietnam a republic and declared himself president.
2001 - On this day in 2001, President George W. Bush signs the Patriot Act, an anti-terrorism law drawn up in response to the attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. The USA PATRIOT Act, as it is officially known, is an acronym for “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.” Bush hoped the bipartisan legislation would empower law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent future terrorist attacks on American soil. The law was intended, in Bush’s words, to “enhance the penalties that will fall on terrorists or anyone who helps them.” The act increased intelligence agencies’ ability to share information and lifted restrictions on communications surveillance. Law enforcement officials were given broader mandates to fight financial counterfeiting, smuggling and money laundering schemes that funded terrorists. The Patriot Act’s expanded definition of terrorism also gave the FBI increased powers to access personal information such as medical and financial records. The Patriot Act superseded all state laws. While Congress voted in favor of the bill, and some in America felt the bill actually did not go far enough to combat terrorism, the law faced a torrent of criticism. Civil rights activists worried that the Patriot Act would curtail domestic civil liberties and would give the executive branch too much power to investigate Americans under a veil of secrecy—a fear not felt since the protest era of the 1960s and 1970s when the FBI bugged and infiltrated anti-war and civil rights groups. The Patriot Act has faced ongoing legal challenges by the American Civil Liberties Union, and in recent years, some members of Congress who had originally supported the bill have come to mistrust the Bush administration’s interpretation of the law. Nevertheless, a Republican-controlled Congress passed and Bush signed a renewal of the controversial Patriot Act in March 2006. Bush exacerbated the controversy over the renewal of the act by issuing a so-called “signing statement”—an executive exemption from enforcing or abiding by certain clauses within the law—immediately afterward. So far, the Patriot act has not worked to stop terrorism.
Birthday -1947 - Hillary Rodham Clinton was born in Park Ridge, Illinois, October 26, 1947. She was First Lady from 1993-2001 during the presidency of her husband Bill Clinton. In 2000, she became the only First Lady ever elected to the U.S. Senate, serving as a Democrat from New York. She was re-elected in 2006 and then began a presidential campaign, hoping to become America's first female president. She lost the Democratic nomination to Barack Obama who went on to win the general election and appointed her as U.S. Secretary of State in 2008.
Birthday - 1946 - Wheel of Fortune’s Pat Sajak born in Chicago.
1825 - The Erie Canal opened as the first major man-made waterway in America, linking Lake Erie with the Hudson River, bypassing the British-controlled lower St. Lawrence. The canal cost over $7 million and took eight years to complete.
1917 - At Ypres, a second attempt is made but fails to capture the village of Passchendaele, with Canadian troops participating this time. Four days later, the Allies attack again and edge closer as the Germans slowly begin pulling out.
1951 - Winston Churchill became Britain's prime minister for a second time, following his Conservative Party's narrow victory in general elections. In his first term from 1940-45 he had guided Britain through its struggle against Nazi Germany.
1955 - Ngo Dinh Diem proclaimed South Vietnam a republic and declared himself president.
2001 - On this day in 2001, President George W. Bush signs the Patriot Act, an anti-terrorism law drawn up in response to the attacks on the Pentagon and World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. The USA PATRIOT Act, as it is officially known, is an acronym for “Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.” Bush hoped the bipartisan legislation would empower law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent future terrorist attacks on American soil. The law was intended, in Bush’s words, to “enhance the penalties that will fall on terrorists or anyone who helps them.” The act increased intelligence agencies’ ability to share information and lifted restrictions on communications surveillance. Law enforcement officials were given broader mandates to fight financial counterfeiting, smuggling and money laundering schemes that funded terrorists. The Patriot Act’s expanded definition of terrorism also gave the FBI increased powers to access personal information such as medical and financial records. The Patriot Act superseded all state laws. While Congress voted in favor of the bill, and some in America felt the bill actually did not go far enough to combat terrorism, the law faced a torrent of criticism. Civil rights activists worried that the Patriot Act would curtail domestic civil liberties and would give the executive branch too much power to investigate Americans under a veil of secrecy—a fear not felt since the protest era of the 1960s and 1970s when the FBI bugged and infiltrated anti-war and civil rights groups. The Patriot Act has faced ongoing legal challenges by the American Civil Liberties Union, and in recent years, some members of Congress who had originally supported the bill have come to mistrust the Bush administration’s interpretation of the law. Nevertheless, a Republican-controlled Congress passed and Bush signed a renewal of the controversial Patriot Act in March 2006. Bush exacerbated the controversy over the renewal of the act by issuing a so-called “signing statement”—an executive exemption from enforcing or abiding by certain clauses within the law—immediately afterward. So far, the Patriot act has not worked to stop terrorism.
Birthday -1947 - Hillary Rodham Clinton was born in Park Ridge, Illinois, October 26, 1947. She was First Lady from 1993-2001 during the presidency of her husband Bill Clinton. In 2000, she became the only First Lady ever elected to the U.S. Senate, serving as a Democrat from New York. She was re-elected in 2006 and then began a presidential campaign, hoping to become America's first female president. She lost the Democratic nomination to Barack Obama who went on to win the general election and appointed her as U.S. Secretary of State in 2008.
Birthday - 1946 - Wheel of Fortune’s Pat Sajak born in Chicago.
October 25
October 25, 1774 - On this day the First Continental Congress sends a respectful petition to King George III to inform his majesty that if it had not been for the acts of oppression forced upon the colonies by the British Parliament, the American people would be standing behind British rule. The king did not respond to the petition to Congress’ satisfaction and eight months later on July 6, 1775, the Second Continental Congress adopted a resolution entitled “Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms.” Written by John Dickinson and Thomas Jefferson, the resolution laid out the reasons for taking up arms and starting a violent revolution against British rule of the colonies.
1854 - During the Crimean War, the Charge of the Light Brigade occurred as Lord Cardigan led the British cavalry against the Russians at Balaclava. Of 673 British cavalrymen taking part in the charge, 272 were killed. The Charge was later immortalized in the poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson.
1955 - Austria reassumed its sovereignty with the departure of the last Allied forces. The country had been occupied by the Nazis from 1938-45. After World War II, it was divided into four occupation zones by the U.S., Russia, Britain and France.
1971 - The U.N. seats the People’s Republic of China and expels Taiwan. In a dramatic reversal of its long-standing commitment to the Nationalist Chinese government of Taiwan, and a policy of non-recognition of the communist People’s Republic of China (PRC), America’s U.N. representatives vote to seat the PRC as a permanent member. Over American objections, Taiwan was expelled. The reasons for the apparently drastic change in U.S. policy were not hard to discern. The United States had come to value closer relations with the PRC more than its historical commitment to Taiwan. U.S. interest in having the PRC’s help in resolving the sticky Vietnam situation; the goal of using U.S. influence with the PRC as diplomatic leverage against the Soviets; and the desire for lucrative economic relations with the PRC, were all factors in the U.S. decision. Relations with the PRC thereupon soared, highlighted by President Richard Nixon’s visit to China in 1972. Not surprisingly, diplomatic relations with Taiwan noticeably cooled, though the United States still publicly avowed that it would defend Taiwan if it were attacked.
1983 - The Caribbean island of Grenada was invaded by the U.S. to restore "order and democracy." Over 2,000 Marines and Army Rangers seized control after a political coup the previous week had made the island a "Soviet-Cuban colony," according to President Ronald Reagan.
Birthday - Artist Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) was born in Malaga, Spain. He was an experimental painter and also became a fine sculptor, engraver and ceramist.
1948, wrestling legend Don Gable is born in the tiny town of Waterloo, Iowa.
1854 - During the Crimean War, the Charge of the Light Brigade occurred as Lord Cardigan led the British cavalry against the Russians at Balaclava. Of 673 British cavalrymen taking part in the charge, 272 were killed. The Charge was later immortalized in the poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson.
1955 - Austria reassumed its sovereignty with the departure of the last Allied forces. The country had been occupied by the Nazis from 1938-45. After World War II, it was divided into four occupation zones by the U.S., Russia, Britain and France.
1971 - The U.N. seats the People’s Republic of China and expels Taiwan. In a dramatic reversal of its long-standing commitment to the Nationalist Chinese government of Taiwan, and a policy of non-recognition of the communist People’s Republic of China (PRC), America’s U.N. representatives vote to seat the PRC as a permanent member. Over American objections, Taiwan was expelled. The reasons for the apparently drastic change in U.S. policy were not hard to discern. The United States had come to value closer relations with the PRC more than its historical commitment to Taiwan. U.S. interest in having the PRC’s help in resolving the sticky Vietnam situation; the goal of using U.S. influence with the PRC as diplomatic leverage against the Soviets; and the desire for lucrative economic relations with the PRC, were all factors in the U.S. decision. Relations with the PRC thereupon soared, highlighted by President Richard Nixon’s visit to China in 1972. Not surprisingly, diplomatic relations with Taiwan noticeably cooled, though the United States still publicly avowed that it would defend Taiwan if it were attacked.
1983 - The Caribbean island of Grenada was invaded by the U.S. to restore "order and democracy." Over 2,000 Marines and Army Rangers seized control after a political coup the previous week had made the island a "Soviet-Cuban colony," according to President Ronald Reagan.
Birthday - Artist Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) was born in Malaga, Spain. He was an experimental painter and also became a fine sculptor, engraver and ceramist.
1948, wrestling legend Don Gable is born in the tiny town of Waterloo, Iowa.
October 24
October 24, 1648 - The Treaty of Westphalia is signed, ending the Thirty Years War and radically shifting the balance of power in Europe. The Thirty Years War, a series of wars fought by European nations for various reasons, ignited in 1618 over an attempt by the king of Bohemia (the future Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II) to impose Catholicism throughout his domains. Protestant nobles rebelled, and by the 1630s most of continental Europe was at war. As a result of the Treaty of Westphalia, the Netherlands gained independence from Spain, Sweden gained control of the Baltic and France was acknowledged as the preeminent Western power. The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken and the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands. The principle of state sovereignty emerged as a result of the Treaty of Westphalia and serves as the basis for the modern system of nation-states.
1861 - The first transcontinental telegram in America was sent from San Francisco to Washington, addressed to President Abraham Lincoln from the Chief Justice of California.
1901 - On this day in 1901, a 63-year-old schoolteacher named Annie Edson Taylor becomes the first person to take the plunge over Niagara Falls in a barrel. After her husband died in the Civil War, the New York-born Taylor moved all over the U. S. before settling in Bay City, Michigan, around 1898. In July 1901, while reading an article about the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, she learned of the growing popularity of two enormous waterfalls located on the border of upstate New York and Canada. Strapped for cash and seeking fame, Taylor came up with the perfect attention-getting stunt: She would go over Niagara Falls in a barrel. Taylor was not the first person to attempt the plunge over the famous falls. In October 1829, Sam Patch, known as the Yankee Leaper, survived jumping down the 175-foot Horseshoe Falls of the Niagara River, on the Canadian side of the border. More than 70 years later, Taylor chose to take the ride on her birthday, October 24. (She claimed she was in her 40s, but genealogical records later showed she was 63.) With the help of two assistants, Taylor strapped herself into a leather harness inside an old wooden pickle barrel five feet high and three feet in diameter. With cushions lining the barrel to break her fall, Taylor was towed by a small boat into the middle of the fast-flowing Niagara River and cut loose. Knocked violently from side to side by the rapids and then propelled over the edge of Horseshoe Falls, Taylor reached the shore alive, if a bit battered, around 20 minutes after her journey began. After a brief flurry of photo-ops and speaking engagements, Taylor’s fame cooled, and she was unable to make the fortune for which she had hoped. She did, however, inspire a number of copy-cat daredevils. Between 1901 and 1995, 15 people went over the falls; 10 of them survived. Among those who died were Jesse Sharp, who took the plunge in a kayak in 1990, and Robert Overcracker, who used a jet ski in 1995. No matter the method, going over Niagara Falls is illegal, and survivors face charges and stiff fines on either side of the border.
1917 - In northern Italy, a rout of the Italian Army begins as 35 German and Austrian divisions cross the Isonzo River into Italy at Caporetto and then rapidly push 41 Italian divisions 60 miles southward. By now, the Italians have been worn down from years of costly but inconclusive battles along the Isonzo and in the Trentino, amid a perceived lack of Allied support. Nearly 300,000 Italians surrender as the Austro-Germans advance, while some 400,000 desert. The Austro-Germans halt at the Piave River north of Venice only due to supply lines which have become stretched to the limit.
1921 - In the French town of Chalons-sur-Marne, an American officer selects the body of the first “Unknown Soldier” to be honored among the approximately 77,000 United States servicemen killed on the Western Front during World War I.
1922 - The Irish Parliament voted to adopt a constitution for an Irish Free State, which formally came into existence in December.
1929 - "Black Thursday" occurred in the New York Stock Exchange as nearly 13 million shares were sold in panic selling. Five days later "Black Tuesday" saw 16 million shares sold. The huge volume meant that the report of prices on the ticker tape in brokerage offices around the nation was hours late, so investors had no idea what most stocks were actually trading for at that moment, increasing panic. Panic ensued.
1931 - Chicago gangster "Scarface" Al Capone was sentenced to 11 years in jail for Federal income tax evasion. In 1934, he was transferred to Alcatraz prison near San Francisco. He was paroled in 1939, suffering from syphilis. He retired to his mansion in Miami Beach where he died in 1947.
1945 - The United Nations was founded. "United Nations Day" officially designated by the General Assembly. Its Charter is ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council and the majority of other signatories, and comes into force replacing the League of Nations. Despite the failure of the League of Nations in arbitrating the conflicts that led up to World War II, the Allies as early as 1941 proposed establishing a new international body to maintain peace in the postwar world. The idea of the United Nations began to be articulated in August 1941, when U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter, which proposed a set of principles for international collaboration in maintaining peace and security. Later that year, Roosevelt coined “United Nations” to describe the nations allied against the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan. The term was first officially used on January 1, 1942, when representatives of 26 Allied nations met in Washington, D.C., and signed the Declaration by the United Nations, which endorsed the Atlantic Charter and presented the united war aims of the Allies. In October 1943, the major Allied powers–Great Britain, the United States, the USSR, (which is the predecessor to Russia who has been determined to be the Biblical "King of the North" and China—met in Moscow and issued the Moscow Declaration, which officially stated the need for an international organization to replace the League of Nations. That goal was reaffirmed at the Allied conference in Tehran in December 1943, and in August 1944 Great Britain, the United States, the USSR, and China met at the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington, D.C., to lay the groundwork for the United Nations. During seven weeks, the delegates sketched out the form of the world body but often disagreed over issues of membership and voting. Compromise was reached by the “Big Three”—the United States, Britain, and the USSR—at the Yalta Conference in February 1945, and all countries that had adhered to the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations were invited to the United Nations founding conference. On April 25, 1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organization convened in San Francisco with 50 nations represented. Three months later, during which time Germany had surrendered, the final Charter of the United Nations was unanimously adopted and signed by the delegates. The Charter called for the U.N. to maintain international peace and security, 1Thessalonians 5:3 promote social progress and better standards of life, strengthen international law, and promote the expansion of human rights. On October 24, 1945, the U.N. Charter came into force upon its ratification by the five permanent members of the Security Council and a majority of other signatories. The first U.N. General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, opened in London on January 10, 1946. On October 24, 1949, exactly four years after the United Nations Charter went into effect, the cornerstone was laid for the present United Nations headquarters, located in New York City. Since 1945, the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded five times to the United Nations and its organizations and five times to individual U.N. officials.
1949 - Cornerstone laid for present UN Headquarters in New York City.
1951 - President Harry Truman finally proclaims that the nation’s war with Germany, begun in 1941, is officially over. Fighting had ended in the spring of 1945.
1966 - In Manila, President Johnson meets with other Allied leaders and they pledge to withdraw troops from Vietnam within six months if North Vietnam “withdraws its forces to the North and ceases infiltration of South Vietnam.” A communiqué signed by the seven participants (Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, South Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States) included a four-point “Declaration of Peace” that stressed the need for a “peaceful settlement of the war in Vietnam and for future peace and progress” in the rest of Asia and the Pacific. After the conference, Johnson flew to South Vietnam for a surprise two-and-a-half-hour visit with U.S. troops at Cam Ranh Bay.
1980 - Communist authorities in Poland granted recognition to the trade union "Solidarity." It was subsequently outlawed in 1981 after the government imposed martial law. In 1989, it was re-legalized.
1994 - For the first time in 25 years, British troops were absent from the streets of Londonderry, Northern Ireland, following cease-fires by Irish Republican Army (IRA) and pro-British forces.
October 24, ???? (unknown what year it began) Today is National Bologna Day!
1861 - The first transcontinental telegram in America was sent from San Francisco to Washington, addressed to President Abraham Lincoln from the Chief Justice of California.
1901 - On this day in 1901, a 63-year-old schoolteacher named Annie Edson Taylor becomes the first person to take the plunge over Niagara Falls in a barrel. After her husband died in the Civil War, the New York-born Taylor moved all over the U. S. before settling in Bay City, Michigan, around 1898. In July 1901, while reading an article about the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, she learned of the growing popularity of two enormous waterfalls located on the border of upstate New York and Canada. Strapped for cash and seeking fame, Taylor came up with the perfect attention-getting stunt: She would go over Niagara Falls in a barrel. Taylor was not the first person to attempt the plunge over the famous falls. In October 1829, Sam Patch, known as the Yankee Leaper, survived jumping down the 175-foot Horseshoe Falls of the Niagara River, on the Canadian side of the border. More than 70 years later, Taylor chose to take the ride on her birthday, October 24. (She claimed she was in her 40s, but genealogical records later showed she was 63.) With the help of two assistants, Taylor strapped herself into a leather harness inside an old wooden pickle barrel five feet high and three feet in diameter. With cushions lining the barrel to break her fall, Taylor was towed by a small boat into the middle of the fast-flowing Niagara River and cut loose. Knocked violently from side to side by the rapids and then propelled over the edge of Horseshoe Falls, Taylor reached the shore alive, if a bit battered, around 20 minutes after her journey began. After a brief flurry of photo-ops and speaking engagements, Taylor’s fame cooled, and she was unable to make the fortune for which she had hoped. She did, however, inspire a number of copy-cat daredevils. Between 1901 and 1995, 15 people went over the falls; 10 of them survived. Among those who died were Jesse Sharp, who took the plunge in a kayak in 1990, and Robert Overcracker, who used a jet ski in 1995. No matter the method, going over Niagara Falls is illegal, and survivors face charges and stiff fines on either side of the border.
1917 - In northern Italy, a rout of the Italian Army begins as 35 German and Austrian divisions cross the Isonzo River into Italy at Caporetto and then rapidly push 41 Italian divisions 60 miles southward. By now, the Italians have been worn down from years of costly but inconclusive battles along the Isonzo and in the Trentino, amid a perceived lack of Allied support. Nearly 300,000 Italians surrender as the Austro-Germans advance, while some 400,000 desert. The Austro-Germans halt at the Piave River north of Venice only due to supply lines which have become stretched to the limit.
1921 - In the French town of Chalons-sur-Marne, an American officer selects the body of the first “Unknown Soldier” to be honored among the approximately 77,000 United States servicemen killed on the Western Front during World War I.
1922 - The Irish Parliament voted to adopt a constitution for an Irish Free State, which formally came into existence in December.
1929 - "Black Thursday" occurred in the New York Stock Exchange as nearly 13 million shares were sold in panic selling. Five days later "Black Tuesday" saw 16 million shares sold. The huge volume meant that the report of prices on the ticker tape in brokerage offices around the nation was hours late, so investors had no idea what most stocks were actually trading for at that moment, increasing panic. Panic ensued.
1931 - Chicago gangster "Scarface" Al Capone was sentenced to 11 years in jail for Federal income tax evasion. In 1934, he was transferred to Alcatraz prison near San Francisco. He was paroled in 1939, suffering from syphilis. He retired to his mansion in Miami Beach where he died in 1947.
1945 - The United Nations was founded. "United Nations Day" officially designated by the General Assembly. Its Charter is ratified by the five permanent members of the Security Council and the majority of other signatories, and comes into force replacing the League of Nations. Despite the failure of the League of Nations in arbitrating the conflicts that led up to World War II, the Allies as early as 1941 proposed establishing a new international body to maintain peace in the postwar world. The idea of the United Nations began to be articulated in August 1941, when U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill signed the Atlantic Charter, which proposed a set of principles for international collaboration in maintaining peace and security. Later that year, Roosevelt coined “United Nations” to describe the nations allied against the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan. The term was first officially used on January 1, 1942, when representatives of 26 Allied nations met in Washington, D.C., and signed the Declaration by the United Nations, which endorsed the Atlantic Charter and presented the united war aims of the Allies. In October 1943, the major Allied powers–Great Britain, the United States, the USSR, (which is the predecessor to Russia who has been determined to be the Biblical "King of the North" and China—met in Moscow and issued the Moscow Declaration, which officially stated the need for an international organization to replace the League of Nations. That goal was reaffirmed at the Allied conference in Tehran in December 1943, and in August 1944 Great Britain, the United States, the USSR, and China met at the Dumbarton Oaks estate in Washington, D.C., to lay the groundwork for the United Nations. During seven weeks, the delegates sketched out the form of the world body but often disagreed over issues of membership and voting. Compromise was reached by the “Big Three”—the United States, Britain, and the USSR—at the Yalta Conference in February 1945, and all countries that had adhered to the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations were invited to the United Nations founding conference. On April 25, 1945, the United Nations Conference on International Organization convened in San Francisco with 50 nations represented. Three months later, during which time Germany had surrendered, the final Charter of the United Nations was unanimously adopted and signed by the delegates. The Charter called for the U.N. to maintain international peace and security, 1Thessalonians 5:3 promote social progress and better standards of life, strengthen international law, and promote the expansion of human rights. On October 24, 1945, the U.N. Charter came into force upon its ratification by the five permanent members of the Security Council and a majority of other signatories. The first U.N. General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, opened in London on January 10, 1946. On October 24, 1949, exactly four years after the United Nations Charter went into effect, the cornerstone was laid for the present United Nations headquarters, located in New York City. Since 1945, the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded five times to the United Nations and its organizations and five times to individual U.N. officials.
1949 - Cornerstone laid for present UN Headquarters in New York City.
1951 - President Harry Truman finally proclaims that the nation’s war with Germany, begun in 1941, is officially over. Fighting had ended in the spring of 1945.
1966 - In Manila, President Johnson meets with other Allied leaders and they pledge to withdraw troops from Vietnam within six months if North Vietnam “withdraws its forces to the North and ceases infiltration of South Vietnam.” A communiqué signed by the seven participants (Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, South Vietnam, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States) included a four-point “Declaration of Peace” that stressed the need for a “peaceful settlement of the war in Vietnam and for future peace and progress” in the rest of Asia and the Pacific. After the conference, Johnson flew to South Vietnam for a surprise two-and-a-half-hour visit with U.S. troops at Cam Ranh Bay.
1980 - Communist authorities in Poland granted recognition to the trade union "Solidarity." It was subsequently outlawed in 1981 after the government imposed martial law. In 1989, it was re-legalized.
1994 - For the first time in 25 years, British troops were absent from the streets of Londonderry, Northern Ireland, following cease-fires by Irish Republican Army (IRA) and pro-British forces.
October 24, ???? (unknown what year it began) Today is National Bologna Day!
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